Bibliographic record
Abstract
The public is exposed to the risk of enteric infection via foodborne, waterborne, and airborne sources, or via direct contact by infected persons or animals. Food-borne transmission of enteric disease is the most well-known and extensively studied area. Among all foods, meat and poultry products are the largest contributor of foodborne disease outbreaks. Consumption of these products has been linked to enteric infection caused by several important human pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, Campylobacter species, and viruses. Food animals carry some of these human pathogens with no clinical symptoms. For example, E. coli O157:H7 carried by young cattle, Salmonella and Campylobacter by poultry. Carriage of human pathogens in food animals has serious health implications because it means the farm is a significant reservoir of foodborne illness agents. The ecology of the most frequently occurring human pathogens in the farm environment is reviewed here. Other important vehicles of foodborne gastroenteritis include fruit and vegetables, seafood, and dairy products. Fruit and vegetables, as raw agricultural commodities, are vulnerable to microbial contamination during production, and minimal processing further magnifies the contamination level. The opportunity for fresh produce contamination at production is discussed. Seafood-associated enteric infection is usually the result of environmental contamination and eating raw or undercooked seafood. The frequency of environmental contamination of seafood is examined. Enteric infection due to dairy foods often implicated raw milk, improper pasteurization, and post pasteurization contamination as sources of the problem. Some of the dairy product-associated outbreaks are addressed. Waterborne transmission is a second common route for spreading enteric disease. However when it happens, it usually results in a large number of people being affected. Drinking and recreational waters are two main vehicles. Important waterborne disease agents such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Shigella , and E. coli Ol57:H7 are reviewed. Airborne transmission of enteric infection is the least studied area. Airborne microbial contamination and the closely related occupational hazards are acknowledged. Some of the enteric disease agents can be spread through direct contact either by infected animals or humans themselves. Among agents spread by animal contact are verocytotoxigenic E. coli , predominantly E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella species including S. Typhimurium DT104, and Cryptosporidium . Enteric infection by personal contact has been documented for Norwalk virus, hepatitis A, Shigella species, E. coli O157:H7, and Cryptosporidium . The role of direct contact in disease transmission is addressed. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.032 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".