Digestion, Milk Production, Milk Composition, and Blood Composition of Dairy Cows Fed Formaldehyde Treated Flaxseed or Sunflower Seed
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Forty midlactation Holstein cows averaging 635 kg of body weight (SE = 8) were allotted at wk 25 of lactation to ten groups of four cows blocked for similar calving dates to determine the effects of formaldehyde treatment of flaxseed and sunflower seed on fatty acid composition of blood and milk, milk yield, feed intake, and apparent digestibility. Cows were fed a total mixed diet based on grass silage and supplements for ad libitum intake over a 10-wk period. Cows within each block were assigned to one of the four isonitrogenous supplements based on either untreated whole flaxseed, formaldehyde-treated whole flaxseed, untreated whole sunflower seed, or formaldehyde-treated whole sunflower seed. Cows fed whole flaxseed compared with sunflower seed maintained greater dry matter (DM) intake (20.3 vs. 18.9 kg/d). Intake of DM, expressed as a percentage of body weight, was increased by adding formaldehyde to oilseeds (3.24 vs. 2.98%). Milk production was similar for cows fed flaxseed and those fed sunflower. Formaldehyde treatment of flaxseed and sunflower seed increased milk production by an average of 2.65 kg/d. Efficiency of fat-corrected milk yield per kilogram of DM intake was increased by formaldehyde treatment (1.31 vs. 1.21), and it was greater with sunflower seed than with flaxseed (1.33 vs.1.21). Protein concentration in milk was greater for cows fed flaxseed (3.38%) compared with those fed sunflower seed (3.21%) and formaldehyde had no effect. Apparent digestibility of DM was not affected by type of seed but it was greater for cows fed formaldehyde-treated seeds. Cows fed formaldehyde-treated flaxseed had the greatest apparent digestibilities of acid detergent and neutral detergent fiber compared with those fed the other diets. Apparent digestibilities of fatty acids were greater for sunflower seed than for flaxseed-based diets. In general, formaldehyde treatment had limited effect on milk fatty acid composition, suggesting that formaldehyde was not very effective in protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids against ruminal biohydrogenation. Feeding flaxseed resulted in the lowest omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acid ratio. The data suggest that both flaxseed and sunflower seed are acceptable fat sources for midlactating cows and that flaxseed increases milk protein percentage compared to sunflower seed.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».