Digestion, Milk Production, Milk Composition, and Blood Composition of Dairy Cows Fed Formaldehyde Treated Flaxseed or Sunflower Seed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Forty midlactation Holstein cows averaging 635 kg of body weight (SE = 8) were allotted at wk 25 of lactation to ten groups of four cows blocked for similar calving dates to determine the effects of formaldehyde treatment of flaxseed and sunflower seed on fatty acid composition of blood and milk, milk yield, feed intake, and apparent digestibility. Cows were fed a total mixed diet based on grass silage and supplements for ad libitum intake over a 10-wk period. Cows within each block were assigned to one of the four isonitrogenous supplements based on either untreated whole flaxseed, formaldehyde-treated whole flaxseed, untreated whole sunflower seed, or formaldehyde-treated whole sunflower seed. Cows fed whole flaxseed compared with sunflower seed maintained greater dry matter (DM) intake (20.3 vs. 18.9 kg/d). Intake of DM, expressed as a percentage of body weight, was increased by adding formaldehyde to oilseeds (3.24 vs. 2.98%). Milk production was similar for cows fed flaxseed and those fed sunflower. Formaldehyde treatment of flaxseed and sunflower seed increased milk production by an average of 2.65 kg/d. Efficiency of fat-corrected milk yield per kilogram of DM intake was increased by formaldehyde treatment (1.31 vs. 1.21), and it was greater with sunflower seed than with flaxseed (1.33 vs.1.21). Protein concentration in milk was greater for cows fed flaxseed (3.38%) compared with those fed sunflower seed (3.21%) and formaldehyde had no effect. Apparent digestibility of DM was not affected by type of seed but it was greater for cows fed formaldehyde-treated seeds. Cows fed formaldehyde-treated flaxseed had the greatest apparent digestibilities of acid detergent and neutral detergent fiber compared with those fed the other diets. Apparent digestibilities of fatty acids were greater for sunflower seed than for flaxseed-based diets. In general, formaldehyde treatment had limited effect on milk fatty acid composition, suggesting that formaldehyde was not very effective in protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids against ruminal biohydrogenation. Feeding flaxseed resulted in the lowest omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acid ratio. The data suggest that both flaxseed and sunflower seed are acceptable fat sources for midlactating cows and that flaxseed increases milk protein percentage compared to sunflower seed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".