Notice bibliographique
Résumé
For many years, Canadian governments have tried to legislate higher earnings for low-wage workers. Living wage laws are a relatively new policy that gained prominence in American cities starting in the mid-1990s. Currently more than 140 American municipalities have a living wage law. In 2011, the City of New Westminster in British Columbia became the first and only Canadian city to adopt a living wage ordinance. This report reviews the scholarly research on living wage laws from the United States and concludes that the US experience should make us cautious about adopting this policy more widely in Canada. Living wage laws are similar to minimum wage legislation. Both mandate by law that workers be paid a certain wage rate. However, living wage laws differ by their coverage (covering a much smaller group of workers) and by their amount (requiring a much higher wage). At $19.62 per hour, New Westminster’s living wage is nearly double the provincial minimum wage of $10.25 and much higher than the rate in American cities. The explicit principle underlying living wages is to ensure full-time workers and their families meet a predetermined living standard promoted by activists. But both economic theory and evidence suggest that living wage ordinances, like minimum wage legislation, create distortions in the labour market that have a negative impact on employment. When governments mandate a wage above the prevailing market rate, a typical result is that fewer jobs and hours become available and it is usually the people who are less skilled who are most adversely affected. And contrary to what advocates claim, living wage policies are not the answer to the hardships experienced by many impoverished families, in part because the overwhelming proportion of those benefiting from living wage laws tend not be poor. In addition to the negative effects upon employment, living wage laws have the potential to inflate city budgets through higher public service costs. Since the research into living wage laws is still in its early stages, many studies have not yet focused their assessments on these costs, which will inevitably be paid for by taxpayers and renters. When evaluating the costs and benefits of any proposed living wage ordinance, it is critical to include these other costs in the analysis.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».