The Arctic sea routes: marine environmental impacts on effect of the climate change and opening of the passages for international shipping traffic
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The Arctic Sea Routes: Marine environmental impacts on effect of the climate change and opening of the passages for international shipping traffic Degree: MScThe Arctic Sea Route (ASR) can potentially halve the distance between the Far East and Europe.Although, the route was declared formally open for international shipping by Gorbachev in 1987.It was not used commercially, except by domestic Russian shipping companies.However, due to climate change and dramatic ice melting, there is an opportunity for the route to be used, at least in summer seasons, without ice breakers escort in the coming few years.Accordingly, both the shipping industry and the environment will be influenced by the use of these routes.In fact, there are two main routes that could be used within the Arctic area: the Northern Sea Route (NSR) over top of Russia and the Northwest passages above Canada, that connect Europe and North America with the Far East.The NSR is the first to be affected by the climate change; as a consequences, ships' traffic is expected to increase as both NW European countries and Far Eastern countries are expected to benefit from using these routes for the distance saving.Moreover, the Arctic region is an important destination due to its rich in natural resources.Consequently, due to the anticipated transit and the trade boom there will be some environmental consequences, as there will be a need for the ships transiting theses routes to dispose of oil sludge, garbage, sewage, and to manage its ballast, inter alia.In fact, the Arctic is a pristine natural environment, where wilderness and beauty is unique in that it is largely untouched by human beings.Actually, unlike Antarctica, the ASRs are not well covered by international pollution prevention instruments, or even considered Special Area (SA) under the MARPOL convention.Therefore, there is a need v to organize an international regime to regulate the marine environmental protection in the Arctic.In this paper, the major threats to the natural environment of the Arctic, resulting from the main pollutants, and the feasibility of applying pollution combating techniques in such an environment will be researched.The threats to the environment are primarily due to accidental pollution and operational pollution.However, radioactive waste and other problems will also be discussed.Consequently, the industry should take the necessary steps to adopt and implement a new international environmental instrument in the ASR.As a marine environmental researcher and an ex-seafarer, I believe that it is rational and necessary to take proactive measures now, in order to set up an international instrument to regulate environmental protection in the ASR.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,004 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».