Fear of crime: an international perspective of community-based factors
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
In the past 30 years, the fear of crime has come to be understood as a problem that can be independent of crime itself. Researchers exploring crime prevention and community safety have suggested that the success of any programme rests not only on the actual reduction of crime but also on public perceptions of crime. For example, results from opinion surveys conducted in several countries indicate that most people believe crime rates are rising, regardless of actual trends, which suggest a general decline in police-reported violent and non-violent crime over the previous five years. The fear of crime is now considered to be a concept that is complex and multidimensional in nature. At the risk of oversimplification, for the purposes of this paper, fear of crime will be defined as being comprised of two broad, interacting concepts, namely, individual factors and community-based factors. Traditionally, factors associated with the individual (e.g., age, gender, ethnic origin) have been the focus of researchers exploring the fear of crime. This conventional approach, adopted primarily by researchers conducting large-scale national crime surveys such as the British Crime Survey and the General Social Survey (GSS) by Statistics Canada, have lead to many well-known conclusions. For example, researchers across many countries have found that, regardless of the measure used, women report higher levels of concern about criminal victimisation than do men. The economically disadvantaged, previous victims of crime, and those with physical vulnerabilities have also been identified as those who are consistently most likely to express a fear of criminal danger. More recently, researchers have begun to explore contributions beyond individual characteristics in explaining crime-related fears. For example the importance of the 'lived environment' and satisfaction with one's community (i.e., community-based factors), have been noted as at least as important as individual factors in understanding the fear of crime. In comparison to the research attention and subsequent understanding of the relationship between individual characteristics and the fear of crime, less effort has been devoted to identifying key community-based factors.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».