Fear of crime: an international perspective of community-based factors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the past 30 years, the fear of crime has come to be understood as a problem that can be independent of crime itself. Researchers exploring crime prevention and community safety have suggested that the success of any programme rests not only on the actual reduction of crime but also on public perceptions of crime. For example, results from opinion surveys conducted in several countries indicate that most people believe crime rates are rising, regardless of actual trends, which suggest a general decline in police-reported violent and non-violent crime over the previous five years. The fear of crime is now considered to be a concept that is complex and multidimensional in nature. At the risk of oversimplification, for the purposes of this paper, fear of crime will be defined as being comprised of two broad, interacting concepts, namely, individual factors and community-based factors. Traditionally, factors associated with the individual (e.g., age, gender, ethnic origin) have been the focus of researchers exploring the fear of crime. This conventional approach, adopted primarily by researchers conducting large-scale national crime surveys such as the British Crime Survey and the General Social Survey (GSS) by Statistics Canada, have lead to many well-known conclusions. For example, researchers across many countries have found that, regardless of the measure used, women report higher levels of concern about criminal victimisation than do men. The economically disadvantaged, previous victims of crime, and those with physical vulnerabilities have also been identified as those who are consistently most likely to express a fear of criminal danger. More recently, researchers have begun to explore contributions beyond individual characteristics in explaining crime-related fears. For example the importance of the 'lived environment' and satisfaction with one's community (i.e., community-based factors), have been noted as at least as important as individual factors in understanding the fear of crime. In comparison to the research attention and subsequent understanding of the relationship between individual characteristics and the fear of crime, less effort has been devoted to identifying key community-based factors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".