Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Because of its implications for property damage, serious injury, and death, driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol is a public health issue that has received considerable attention in the literature. Although research in this area is vast, the majority of work has focused either upon the demand for alcohol or upon the major highway consequence of combining alcohol consumption with motor vehicle operation, alcohol related crashes. Studies on the demand for alcohol typically estimate demand elasticities. A number of alcohol studies focus upon the drinking activities of youths found that youths' frequencies and intensities of beer and liquor drinking were price sensitive; price, however, was an insignificant determinant of wine consumption. Employing a microsample of 1,761 youths, it was found that minimum age laws and beer taxes have the greatest effects upon alcohol use. And from microdata collected in 1982 and 1989 on a representative sample of high school seniors before and after passage of the Federal Uniform Drinking Age (FUDAA) Act of 1984, it was found that youth frequencies and intensities of alcohol consumption were price sensitive but that their price sensitivities fell after passage of FUDAA. The paper describes binge drinking among college students and price elasticities differed by gender. Underage drinking and binge drinking by male students were generally price insensitive in comparison with females. And policies aimed at DUI activities among youths were beneficial in curbing college student drinking activities. Complementing these demand studies, the paper focused upon alcohol availability. It found that increases in alcohol availability increase the demand for alcohol; on the other hand, found little support for a positive relationship between consumption and availability. In a related study of alcohol advertising, it was found that the introduction of alcohol advertising in Saskatchewan had no effect on total alcohol or wine sales, although there was an offsetting effect on beer and distilled spirits sales. The other major strand of DUI research focuses upon highway safety and analyzes the effects that minimum age drinking laws, prices, alcohol availability, and other alcohol control policies have upon alcohol related highway crashes. There is a developing consensus in the literature that alcohol prices, and in particular beer prices, are efficacious in reducing highway crashes. The paper described how excise taxes have had a significant effect on fatality rates. In contrast to the effects of various alcohol control policies, mandatory sea belt use laws and beer taxes to be most effective in lowering driving under the influence fatalities. Alcohol price was a significant deterrent to heavy drinking by adults and youthful drinkers. The paper also reports on how a study found a significant beneficial effect of an increase in beer taxes on highway safety. However, in sharp contrast to these results, another study reports that neither alcohol prices nor beer taxes have a significant effect on highway safety.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».