Bibliographic record
Abstract
Because of its implications for property damage, serious injury, and death, driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol is a public health issue that has received considerable attention in the literature. Although research in this area is vast, the majority of work has focused either upon the demand for alcohol or upon the major highway consequence of combining alcohol consumption with motor vehicle operation, alcohol related crashes. Studies on the demand for alcohol typically estimate demand elasticities. A number of alcohol studies focus upon the drinking activities of youths found that youths' frequencies and intensities of beer and liquor drinking were price sensitive; price, however, was an insignificant determinant of wine consumption. Employing a microsample of 1,761 youths, it was found that minimum age laws and beer taxes have the greatest effects upon alcohol use. And from microdata collected in 1982 and 1989 on a representative sample of high school seniors before and after passage of the Federal Uniform Drinking Age (FUDAA) Act of 1984, it was found that youth frequencies and intensities of alcohol consumption were price sensitive but that their price sensitivities fell after passage of FUDAA. The paper describes binge drinking among college students and price elasticities differed by gender. Underage drinking and binge drinking by male students were generally price insensitive in comparison with females. And policies aimed at DUI activities among youths were beneficial in curbing college student drinking activities. Complementing these demand studies, the paper focused upon alcohol availability. It found that increases in alcohol availability increase the demand for alcohol; on the other hand, found little support for a positive relationship between consumption and availability. In a related study of alcohol advertising, it was found that the introduction of alcohol advertising in Saskatchewan had no effect on total alcohol or wine sales, although there was an offsetting effect on beer and distilled spirits sales. The other major strand of DUI research focuses upon highway safety and analyzes the effects that minimum age drinking laws, prices, alcohol availability, and other alcohol control policies have upon alcohol related highway crashes. There is a developing consensus in the literature that alcohol prices, and in particular beer prices, are efficacious in reducing highway crashes. The paper described how excise taxes have had a significant effect on fatality rates. In contrast to the effects of various alcohol control policies, mandatory sea belt use laws and beer taxes to be most effective in lowering driving under the influence fatalities. Alcohol price was a significant deterrent to heavy drinking by adults and youthful drinkers. The paper also reports on how a study found a significant beneficial effect of an increase in beer taxes on highway safety. However, in sharp contrast to these results, another study reports that neither alcohol prices nor beer taxes have a significant effect on highway safety.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".