INTEGRATED NATURAL GAS–ELECTRICITY RESOURCE ADEQUACY PLANNING IN LATIN AMERICA
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Natural gas (NG) is considered as one of the most promising sources to supply the world energy demand, with a consumption expanding at a very accelerated pace.The largest use still is for industrial heating.The second largest use is for electric power generation, which experienced a strong growth after the development of combined-cycle generation technology (CC-NG) in the 1980s.Besides efficient, CC-NG is competitive in modules quite smaller than those of other technologies, such as coal.This has contributed to foster the implementation of power plants based on CC-NG in electricity markets worldwide and created interdependency between the electricity and the gas sectors.Latin America boasts natural gas reserves and high-growth energy markets.The need to diversify away from heavy investments in hydropower and expensive oil has driven many countries to promote the use of natural gas, especially for power generation.This was facilitated given the abundant reserves of gas in several countries in the region, particularly Venezuela, Argentina and Bolivia, and their interconnection with other markets.These developments were coupled with additional challenges, such as (i) the competition between hydro and thermal generation in a heavily hydro balanced region, (ii) the building up and later breaking of cross-country natural gas agreements, (iii) the competition between natural gas and other resources for power generation and electric transmission, and (iv) the development of the natural gas industry in an environment where its requirements are very volatile due to the randomness of hydro inflows.More recently, liquefied natural gas (LNG) started to be considered an option to ensure the adequacy of natural gas supply for power generation.Brazil and Chile are leading the implementation process of regasification facilities.However, the region has also potential to become an exporter of LNG in the medium-term once the potential gas reserves that require deep drilling become commercially available.This chapter addresses natural gas-electricity resource adequacy expansion and planning in Latin America.Five "case studies" were chosen for the analysis: an individual analysis of the developments of natural gas in four countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico), and power and natural gas integration in the Southern Cone.The emphasis is on the institutional and operational arrangements adopted in each country, and the competition between electricity transmission and natural gas pipelines.The success/difficulties observed in handling recent conflicts in the region that arose from natural gas supply difficulties are also provided.A section devoted to analyze the introduction of LNG in the region is also presented.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».