INTEGRATED NATURAL GAS–ELECTRICITY RESOURCE ADEQUACY PLANNING IN LATIN AMERICA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Natural gas (NG) is considered as one of the most promising sources to supply the world energy demand, with a consumption expanding at a very accelerated pace.The largest use still is for industrial heating.The second largest use is for electric power generation, which experienced a strong growth after the development of combined-cycle generation technology (CC-NG) in the 1980s.Besides efficient, CC-NG is competitive in modules quite smaller than those of other technologies, such as coal.This has contributed to foster the implementation of power plants based on CC-NG in electricity markets worldwide and created interdependency between the electricity and the gas sectors.Latin America boasts natural gas reserves and high-growth energy markets.The need to diversify away from heavy investments in hydropower and expensive oil has driven many countries to promote the use of natural gas, especially for power generation.This was facilitated given the abundant reserves of gas in several countries in the region, particularly Venezuela, Argentina and Bolivia, and their interconnection with other markets.These developments were coupled with additional challenges, such as (i) the competition between hydro and thermal generation in a heavily hydro balanced region, (ii) the building up and later breaking of cross-country natural gas agreements, (iii) the competition between natural gas and other resources for power generation and electric transmission, and (iv) the development of the natural gas industry in an environment where its requirements are very volatile due to the randomness of hydro inflows.More recently, liquefied natural gas (LNG) started to be considered an option to ensure the adequacy of natural gas supply for power generation.Brazil and Chile are leading the implementation process of regasification facilities.However, the region has also potential to become an exporter of LNG in the medium-term once the potential gas reserves that require deep drilling become commercially available.This chapter addresses natural gas-electricity resource adequacy expansion and planning in Latin America.Five "case studies" were chosen for the analysis: an individual analysis of the developments of natural gas in four countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico), and power and natural gas integration in the Southern Cone.The emphasis is on the institutional and operational arrangements adopted in each country, and the competition between electricity transmission and natural gas pipelines.The success/difficulties observed in handling recent conflicts in the region that arose from natural gas supply difficulties are also provided.A section devoted to analyze the introduction of LNG in the region is also presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".