Temporal-spatial distribution of epidemics in Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1911A.D.) in China
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Human health is affected by global environmental change(GEC).The distribution and transmission of epidemics in history could be rebuilt to reveal the relationship between health and GEC from the past.This study used the collected data of epidemics in the Ming and Qing periods,when China was seriously influenced by epidemics,to set up some indicators to quantitatively analyze the temporal-spatial distribution of epidemics by GIS and geo-statistics methods.The results are as follows: (1) The indicators of of Incident of Epidemics in 10 Years and Number of Incident of Epidemics in 10 Years were set up to analyze the temporal distribution of epidemics in China.The results show that the epidemics were more and more frequent from the early Ming to late Qing Dynasty.After 1840 A.D.,they happened nearly every year.1580~1589A.D.,1639~1648 A.D.,1813~1822 A.D.and 1857~1866 A.D.were the four peaks of frequency and scale of epidemics. (2) The indicators of Percentage of Incident of Epidemics to Total Years and Percentage of of Epidemics to the Total Counties were set up to analyze the spatial distribution of epidemics.The results show that many areas were affected by epidemics in the whole Ming and Qing dynasties.But the incidental frequency verified largely in different areas.The high frequency and the high incident areas descended from the east coastal area to the inland area.The middle and lower reaches of Yellow River and Yangtze River were the regions with the highest frequency.The epidemics occurred in all the eastern and central provinces.Over 80% of the counties in Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Hainan,Fujian,Anhui,Jiangxi,Shandong and Zhejiang were affected by epidemics. (3) The indicator of Proportion of Accumulated Incident of Epidemics to the Total Years was set up to quantitatively analyze both the occurrence frequency and the affected regional scales.The results show that Shanghai,Zhejiang and Shandong were the highest with Proportion of Accumulated Incident of Epidemics to the Total Years,indicating that occurrences in these provinces were both high frequency and large scales.Further studies should be done on their relations with droughts and floods,socioeconomic development and the distribution of population.
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Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle