Regulation, Trade Agreements, Consolidation and Integration in International Banking
Pourquoi ce travail est dans la base
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract While a significant proportion of deregulation of banking markets was implemented in the 1980s there was a closely associated re-regulation in the form of international banking industry accords. The European Union member states’ financial markets were principally reformed by legislation, that is, through directives and recommendations. A single European financial market is due to be in place in 2005. The principle of home country control was introduced along with the equalisation of banking activities by specifying the permitted banking activities. By allowing banks from other member states to provide commercial and investment banking services in other member states, universal banking was effectively introduced as the standard type of banking, as member states were obliged to allow their indigenous banks to provide the same range of services or they would have been at a competitive disadvantage. The North American free trade agreement, NAFTA, was signed by the United States, Canada and Mexico. A separate Annex on Financial Services was agreed as part of the Uruguay round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT, in the General Agreement on Trade in Services, GATS. Along with liberalisation in trade in banking services reducing the level of barriers to market access by foreign banks and the reform of banking systems through deregulation and re-regulation there has been the accompanied process of securitisation, which has progressed the process of globalisation and integration in banking. The recent increase in mergers between and acquisition of banks within and between countries has been mostly due to the single financial market and economic and monetary union in Europe, de-regulation in the United States and de-regulation, as well as, restructuring in Japan.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle