Emydoidea blandingii (Holbrook 1838) – Blanding’s Turtle

In Canada and the United States, the Blanding's turtle, Emydoidea blandingii (Family Emydidae), is officially designated as endangered or threatened in several provinces and a number of states.In many areas, it has become a "poster species" for attracting public interest in issues common to conservation of freshwater turtles in general.Over the past three decades, knowledge of Blanding's turtle biology and ecology has increased dramatically, and among species with conservation concerns, it now ranks as one of the best known turtle species throughout much of its range.Blanding's turtles seldom occur in dense populations such as those of sympatric painted turtles, but two large populations exist in southeastern Minnesota, and in north-central Nebraska.Individuals delay maturity from 14-21 yrs, and can attain ages greater than 75 yrs and still reproduce successfully.Most populations of Blanding's turtles are threatened by collecting, road mortality, and the reduction and degradation of both aquatic and terrestrial portions of their core habitats.Adults of both sexes make extensive forays onto land to visit temporary wetlands, and adult females move overland on pre-nesting movements and to nest; both activities exposes adults to increased risk of mortality associated with roads, farm machinery, and terrestrial predators.Proposed conservation measures include: 1) methods to reduce road mortality (e.g., fencing and road passages); 2) elimination of commercial collecting; 3) protection of large resident wetlands and smaller ephemeral wetlands; 4) protection and management of adjacent terrestrial areas used for nesting and as corridors for movements among wetlands; 5) research on risks associated with the timing and duration of terrestrial movements of both sexes; and 6) where necessary, removal of nest predators.More extensive regional information can be found in Herman et al. (2003), COSEWIC (2005), and Congdon and Keinath (2006).DistriBution.-Canada, USA.Distributed disjunctly from southeastern Ontario, adjacent Quebec, and southern Nova Scotia, south into New England, and west through the Great Lakes to western Nebraska, Iowa, and extreme northeastern Missouri.synonymy.-Testudo flava Lacépède 1788 (name suppressed), Testudo meleagris Shaw 1793 (name suppressed), Lutremys meleagris, Emys meleagris, Cistuda blandingii Holbrook 1838, Cistudo blandingii, Emys blandingii, Emydoidea blandingii, Neoemys blandingii, Emys twentei Taylor 1943.suBsPeCies.-None recognized, but three separate evolutionarily significant units have been identified: 1) the main populations west of the Appalachian Mountains, 2) the disjunct populations east of the Appalachians in southern New York and New England, and 3) the highly disjunct eastern population in southern Nova Scotia.status.-IUCN 2007 Red List: Near Threatened (LR/nt) (assessed 1996, needs updating); CITES: Not Listed; US ESA: Category 2 (Candidate for Listing); Canada Species at Risk Act: Endangered (Nova Scotia), Threatened (Great Lakes / St. Lawrence).Taxonomy.-The Blanding's turtle was originally described by Holbrook (1838) and no subspecies are recognized.According to Pritchard (1979), this turtle used to be considered congeneric with the European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis, until clarified by Loveridge and Williams (1957).Whereas the etymology of Emydoidea refers to the similarity between it and the genus Emys (McCoy 1973), the skull is more similar to that of Deirochelys (McDowell 1964).Frair (1982) and Seidel and Adkins (1989) refuted kinship between Emydoidea and Deirochelys on the basis of serology and myoglobins, and Bramble (1974) claimed that Emydoidea was more closely related to Emys and Terrapene based on anatomical and functional similarities, e.g., plastral kinesis.He hypothesized that Emydoidea was

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