Review of generic limits of the tiger moth genera Virbia Walker and Holomelina Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae) and their biogeography
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
A phylogeny for Holomelina and Virbia was constructed based on adult morphology. This study included 42 of the 70 recognized species in Holomelina and Virbia, two new species, and two elevated synonyms (H. marginata Druce and V. inversia Edwards). The following outgroups were chosen from the Arctiini: Arachnis picta Packard, Hypercompe permaculata Packard, Paracles fusca Walker, Phragmatobia fuliginosa (Linneaus), Pyrrarctia isabella (J. E. Smith), and Spilosoma virginica (Fabricius). Fifty-eight characters (195 states) were described and scored, including several newly discovered characters of the male and female abdomen and genitalia. Three male character systems, the shape and orientation of the basiphallus; the shape, orientation and ornamentation of the endophallus; and the pattern of sclerotization of the eighth male sternite, were important diagnostic characters for smaller clades and species. The maximum parsimony analysis of all taxa with 100 randomized repetitions yielded 779 trees with a length (L) of 1698, a consistency index (CI) of 0.41 and a retention index (RI) of 0.65. Holomelina species were placed in two clades, an H. aurantiaca clade and an H. opella clade that was paraphyletic with respect to Virbia. The ingroup clade comprised of Holomelina and Virbia species was supported by eleven synapomorphies and a Bremer index higher than fifteen. The decay of this node was greater than 10. Taxon jack-knife analyses revealed that results were sensitive to the inclusion of two outgroup species, A. picta and P. fuliginosa. When either was removed the relationships of ingroup taxa became unresolved. When the analysis was restricted to species which represented by both males and females, we recovered an ingroup consisting of Holomelina and Virbia species, but the strict consensus of 123 trees (L = 1356, CI = 0.47, RI = 0.65) resulted in a polytomy of smaller clades. Neither analysis recovered a reciprocally monophyletic Holomelina and Virbia. We place Holomelina as a junior generic synonym of Virbia and provide a species checklist for Virbia. Biogeographic areas were scored from distribution information in a specimen-level database consisting of over 12,000 specimens. The following eight areas were recognized: A. western USA and Canada, B. central USA and Canada, C. eastern USA and Canada, D. southwestern USA and Mexico, E. central America, F. western South America, G. eastern and central South America, and H. highlands of northern South America. A weighted ancestral area analysis was used to determine ancestral areas for five major ingroup clades. We propose replacing the name “probability index” (PI) of Bremer with the term “Weighted Area Index (WAI)” because the PI of Bremer is not based on a statistical distribution and the term is misleadingWe determined that the ancestral area for Virbia was most likely the southwestern United States and Mexico. The species distributed in North America north of Mexico represent a composite fauna with a minimum of two dispersal events from Mexico into the northern latitudes. In contrast, the South American fauna appears to have a single origin.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».