Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Background: The world is now entering an epidemiological transition in which non- communciable diseases (NCDs) are replacing infectious diseases and malnutrition as the leading cause of disability and premature death (1). It is estimated that in the future, almost 70% of all deaths will be due to NCDs and 80% these deaths will occur in low and middle income countries (LMICs) where the majority of the human population lives (1). Thus, the global burden of NCDs represent a significant threat to human health, development, and the achievement and continued maintenance of numerous Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Tackling the global burden of NCDs is a very complicated matter. However, it is estimated that more than half of the global burden of NCDs could be avoided through proper health promotion and prevention initiatives (1). Methodology: This study was conducted as a targeted literature review of articles from: Google Scholar, PubMed, JStor, British Medical Journal, and numerous other databases, using the following key words: tobacco usage in China, burden of tobacco related illnesses in China, China national tobacco corporation, China’s ascension into the WTO, and etc.Findings: The gradual liberalization of China's economy has allowed it to become one of the biggest economies in the world. For continued economic prosperity, it was imperative that China gain membership into World Trade Organization (WTO) so it would be able to actively influence global trade policies, and reduce the notion that it was a global threat. Numerous international industries supported China’s eventual ascension into the WTO, including Transnational Tobacco Corporations (TTCs), which would now have equal access to the 300 million plus Chinese smokers. The Chinese National Tobacco Corporation (CNTC) is a state-owned corporation which happens to be the largest tobacco company in the world. The CNTC generates 7-8% of the Government of China’s annual revenue and has been a crucial factor for the economic prosperity of China (2). However, the medical and labor costs associated with tobacco-related illnesses in China have already started to outweigh the revenue generated by the CNTC. Currently, NCDs account for 80% of all deaths and 70% of total disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in China which can largely be attributed to the high prevalence of tobacco usage, and environmental tobacco smoke exposure (3). Conclusions: The future burden of tobacco related diseases in China will continue to rise due to the influx of TTCs, and the continued maintenance of the CNTC to generate revenue for the Government of China. The combination of these factors will worsen China’s burden of tobacco related illnesses which could threaten China’s economic prosperity as the number of deaths associated with tobacco usage is expected to triple by the year 2050 (4).
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».