The semantic structure of gratitude
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
In the modern social and economic environment of Russia, gratitude might be considered an ambiguous phenomenon.It can have different meaning for a person in different contexts and can manifest itself differently as well (that is, as an expression of sincere feelings or as an element of corruption).In this respect it is topical to investigate the system of meanings and relationships that define the semantic space of gratitude.The goal of the study was the investigation and description of the content and structure of the semantic space of the gratitude phenomenon as well as the determination of male, female, age, and ethnic peculiarities of the expression of gratitude.The objective was achieved by using the semantic differential designed by the authors to investigate attitudes toward gratitude.This investigation was carried out with the participation of 184 respondents (Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Jews) living in the Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Israel, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom and identifying themselves as representatives of one of these nationalities.The structural components of gratitude were singled out by means of exploratory factor analysis of the empirical data from the designed semantic differential.Gender, age, and ethnic differences were differentiated by means of Student's t-test.Gratitude can be represented by material and nonmaterial forms as well as by actions in response to help given.The empirical data allowed us to design the ethnically nonspecified semantic structure of gratitude.during the elaboration of the differential, semantic universals of gratitude, which constitute its psychosemantic content, were distinguished.Peculiarities of attitudes toward gratitude by those in different age and gender groups were revealed.differences in the degree of manifestation of components of the psychosemantic structure of gratitude related to ethnic characteristics were not discovered.The semantic universals of gratitude are grouped into the components of its semantic structure: intentional, relational, essential, and expressive.These structural elements are present in the representatives of all the nationalities who participated in the study.The men were more likely than the women to demonstrate the instrumental understanding of gratitude.The women were more likely than the men to reflect humanistic ideas of gratitude.The romantic and noble idea of gratitude was dominant in representatives of the younger generation (18-year-olds).The young adults (19-to-25-year-olds) tended to demonstrate social realism to a larger extent than respondents in the other age groups.In respondents who were 26-years-old and above, humanistic assessment and collectivist values with respect to gratitude significantly decreased.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,007 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,007 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,006 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».