The semantic structure of gratitude
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the modern social and economic environment of Russia, gratitude might be considered an ambiguous phenomenon.It can have different meaning for a person in different contexts and can manifest itself differently as well (that is, as an expression of sincere feelings or as an element of corruption).In this respect it is topical to investigate the system of meanings and relationships that define the semantic space of gratitude.The goal of the study was the investigation and description of the content and structure of the semantic space of the gratitude phenomenon as well as the determination of male, female, age, and ethnic peculiarities of the expression of gratitude.The objective was achieved by using the semantic differential designed by the authors to investigate attitudes toward gratitude.This investigation was carried out with the participation of 184 respondents (Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Jews) living in the Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Israel, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom and identifying themselves as representatives of one of these nationalities.The structural components of gratitude were singled out by means of exploratory factor analysis of the empirical data from the designed semantic differential.Gender, age, and ethnic differences were differentiated by means of Student's t-test.Gratitude can be represented by material and nonmaterial forms as well as by actions in response to help given.The empirical data allowed us to design the ethnically nonspecified semantic structure of gratitude.during the elaboration of the differential, semantic universals of gratitude, which constitute its psychosemantic content, were distinguished.Peculiarities of attitudes toward gratitude by those in different age and gender groups were revealed.differences in the degree of manifestation of components of the psychosemantic structure of gratitude related to ethnic characteristics were not discovered.The semantic universals of gratitude are grouped into the components of its semantic structure: intentional, relational, essential, and expressive.These structural elements are present in the representatives of all the nationalities who participated in the study.The men were more likely than the women to demonstrate the instrumental understanding of gratitude.The women were more likely than the men to reflect humanistic ideas of gratitude.The romantic and noble idea of gratitude was dominant in representatives of the younger generation (18-year-olds).The young adults (19-to-25-year-olds) tended to demonstrate social realism to a larger extent than respondents in the other age groups.In respondents who were 26-years-old and above, humanistic assessment and collectivist values with respect to gratitude significantly decreased.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".