Governing the Sulphur Dioxide Emissions of Multinational Corporations: Putting the Breaks on the Race-to-the-Bottom
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Multinational corporations are now part of global politics. For effective governance of international environmental problems, their roles in the political process cannot be ignored. This paper will examine “race-to-the-bottom” theory and evaluate whether this race has occurred as a reaction to sulphur dioxide (SO2) regulation, resulting in a need for increased global governance surrounding environmental issues. The paper focuses on SO2 because the Trail Smelter case, which is seen as the birth case for international environmental law, recognized the harm stemming from this pollutant in 1941; scientific evidence has also linked SO2 emissions to acid rain and respiratory problems associated with smog, and advancements have been made in regulating the compound. However, despite the advancements that have been made in regulating SO2 pollution in Canada and in other developed nations, global SO2 emissions have risen. Given the academic support for the race-to-the-bottom theory, the global nature of multinationals, and transboundary harm resulting from air pollution, a new international structure is needed – one that looks at environmental problems from an issue-level, and one that includes multinational corporations in relevant decision-making processes. This topic is timely given the complex questions that surround environmental regulation of multinational corporations when dealing with air pollution. Given the state of scientific knowledge about the movement of air pollution and the harm stemming from compounds released into the air, it is imperative that this issue be examined. Specifically, the increasing importance of the regulation of greenhouse gases associated with global climate change necessitates such a study. The race-to-the-bottom associated with SO2 and the ineffectiveness of multinational regulation at the global level highlight the need to rethink future global atmospheric policy. The paper will begin with a case study on SO2 that explores the history and regulation of the compound. I will examine regulation at the international and domestic levels, and then explore how global smelting operations and SO2 emissions have shifted into the developing world. My evidence weakly indicates a shift, but does show that global emissions have not decreased despite increased regulation. I will then discuss the race-to-the-bottom theory, environmental regulation in general, and new international approaches to the problem. In conclusion, I propose that environmental regulation needs to occur at the global level and from an issue perspective. In order to be effective, this decision-making process should include various stakeholders, including multinational corporations.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,009 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».