Cigarette Smoking as a Relative Risk Factor for Metabolic Syndrome
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clustering of risk factors, such as central obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerosis. Cigarette smoking is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular diseases; therefore, smoking may be considered as an important risk factor for MS. Smokers are at greater risk than non-smokers to become insulin-resistant and develop cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to explore the association of cigarette smoking with MS and its components among Iraqi adults who were already smokers for more than 10 years. Methods: This clinical study was conducted on 80 adult Iraqi subjects, aged 50 - 70 years. Subjects were divided into two groups according to their smoking status. Standard questionnaire was completed regarding smoking habits, medications, past medical history and physical activity. Blood pressure measurements and biochemical analysis involving fasting serum glucose and serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and triglycerides (TG)) were done. The diagnosis of MS was based on the American Heart Association (AHA) and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) criteria. Results: According to the AHA definition, this study showed that MS was higher in smokers than in non-smokers with the relative risk for MS. Furthermore, obesity and dyslipidemia were found to be in 65.6% and 80% of both study groups, respectively. Systolic (P = 0.026) and diastolic blood pressures (P = 0.03) were significantly higher in smokers compared with non-smokers. The present study clearly showed that total serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol serum levels were higher in the smoker group; however, a statistical significance was not obtained. Serum TG level was significantly higher (P = 0.025) in smokers than in non-smokers. The remarkable increase in the prevalence of MS among the smokers and non-smokers was correlated with the involvement of more than one component of MS according to the AHA and NHLBI criteria. Conclusions: The present study showed that tobacco smoke exposure increases the incidence of or worsens MS. Obesity and overweight give a comparable risk to smoking in adult subjects. Reducing the rate of cigarette smoking provides a beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk factors of this syndrome, such as body weight, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and serum glucose. J Endocrinol Metab. 2016;6(6):178-182 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jem390e
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».