United Parcel Service of America Inc. <i>v.</i> Canada

436 Jurisdiction — NAFTA, Article 1116 — Claim by an investor as a party on its own behalf — NAFTA, Article 1117 — Claim by an investor on behalf of an enterprise — Limitation period for claims — Effect of continuing conduct on limitation period — Establishment of damages not precursor to submitting a claim Jurisdiction — NAFTA, Articles 1116 and Article 1117 as different grounds for claims — Different grounds for claim and implications for substance of claims or right of parties — Whether investor may claim for losses incurred by subsidiary Jurisdiction — Damages, demonstration of at jurisdictional phase — Whether separation of causation and damages appropriate — Jurisdiction established where prima facie case of damages shown State responsibility — Attribution — NAFTA, Articles 1102 and 1105 — Parties to NAFTA — Distinction between the State and monopolies and enterprises — ILC Articles on State Responsibility — Whether Article 4 of ILC Articles applies to NAFTA obligations — NAFTA, Chapters 11 and 15 — ILC Articles on State Responsibility, Article 55 State responsibility — Attribution — ILC Articles on State Responsibility — Whether Article 5 of ILC Articles applied to actions of State monopoly — Whether NAFTA a special regime of international law — “Residual character” of Article 5 of ILC Draft Articles State responsibility — Attribution — NAFTA, Articles 1102 and 1105 — Exercise of governmental authority by monopoly or enterprise — Whether commercial decisions have governmental character NAFTA — National treatment — NAFTA, Article 1102 — Meaning of “like circumstances” — Postal services as distinct from courier services — Effect of competitive relationship between investors on establishing “like circumstances” — Effect of international regulations on establishing “like circumstances” — Kyoto Convention to Standardize Customs Procedures and Policies NAFTA — NAFTA obligations — NAFTA, Articles 1502(3)(a) and 1503(2) — Party’s obligation to ensure that State enterprises not act inconsistently with its NAFTA obligations — Scope of regulatory, administrative or other governmental authority by State enterprises and monopolies — Whether actions of State enterprise constitute commercial decisions or decisions with governmental character NAFTA — National treatment, exceptions to — NAFTA, Article 1108(7) — Procurement exception — Meaning of “procurement” — NAFTA, Article 437 2106 and Annex 2106 — Cultural heritage industries exception — NAFTA, Article 1108 — “Subsidies” exception — Whether payments to entity constitute subsidy Jurisdiction — Specificity of claims — Failure to provide sufficient specification

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