Pattern of Antibiotic Usage in Rural and Sub-Urban Settings in Bangladesh: Experience From a Primary Health Care Facility
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Background: Bangladesh is not exempted from the grave dangers of antibiotic resistance and the other problems arising from its misuse. The prevalent aberrations in the practice of using antibiotics in Bangladesh include self-medication, prescription by quacks and non-physicians, non-registered “village doctors”, irrational prescription, etc. The resultant rises in resistant strains of several bacteria are also seen, and probably much is yet unseen and unnoticed. Methods: This observational descriptive study attempted to describe the actual scenario. A total of 155 patients (60% male and 40% female) were included in this study with consecutive purposive sampling who took antibiotics prior to coming to the primary health care facility. Results: Most common problems were common cold symptoms, only fever with or without body ache but without any other specific features and gastrointestinal upset (constipation/diarrhea/abdominal pain) with/without fever. Most (67.9%) of the patients also had taken some antibiotics in the past year for similar reasons, most common of which is “mixed reasons”, followed by common cold. Most of the time, the antibiotic was prescribed by drug seller at medicine store (89, 57.4%), followed by quack/village doctor (29, 18.7%). In mere 14.2% of cases, the antibiotic was prescribed by registered Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) doctors (22, 14.2%). Most have no clear idea about the definition of a doctor, and most (137, 89%) consider non-medical as doctors and think them to be qualified enough to prescribe antibiotic. About 80% of the respondents had no idea or flawed idea about importance of regularity in taking antibiotics, or completion of the course or the concept and threat of antibiotic resistance. Most commonly taken antibiotic was ciprofloxacin (38, 24.7%), followed by cefixime (30, 19.5%), and azithromycin (26, 16.9%). Patients had already spent from a minimum of 12 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) to a maximum of 675 BDT, average being 166.61 BDT and a median of 117 BDT, before they came for consultation. So the economic impact is also not negligible. Conclusion: This study shows that gross misuse of antibiotics is being done in Bangladesh. Most of the responsibilities of gross misuse belong to two parties, non-physicians, illegal medical practitioners, quacks, and lack of awareness among the patients. Clin Infect Immun. 2017;2(2-3):19-26 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/cii33w
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».