Mental States of ‘Turīya’ and ‘Turīyātita’ in the Teaching of Tirumular (Based on Tamil Treatise “Tirumantiram”)
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
study of yogic practices with their states and specialties may be interesting not only from the perspective of Indian history, religion and culture, but also for the modern theoretical and practical psychology. In this paper, using textual, culturological, comparative, and historical and philosophical analysis, I study the turīya and turīyātita mental states presented in the medieval Tamil text of śaiva-siddhānta Tirumantiram. These states grow from the four basic states of consciousness in the Upanishads: awaking state, dream, deep sleep and some ‘fourth’ state. In classical Indian literature, they are compared with the four ‘steps’ of soul on the way to liberation, and the ‘fourth’ state (turīya) equals to the state of samādhi. In this study, I carried out textual analysis of the 8th chapter of the treatise, which deals with the above mental states and suggest the classification of their sub-states. I also performed comparative analysis of a few stages of turīya and turīyātita with the Patanjali’s samādhi stages. For a deeper understanding of the topic, I review the correlation between tattvas (elements), guṇas (qualities) and the above mental states. I conclude that despite significant volume of Tirumantiram and complexity of its philosophical and religious terminology, this text is important for studying śaiva-siddhānta philosophical system, philosophy of yoga, psychology of religion, psychotherapy etc. Buhnemann G. The Roots of Tantra. Journal of the American Oriental Society 123.4 (2003): 931–933. Dmitrieva V.A. Mala. Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. M.T. Stepanyants. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura Publisher, 2009, pp. 500–501. (In Russian). Eliade M. Yoga: Immortality and Freedom. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publisher, 2004. (In Russian). Ganapathy T.N. Yoga of Siddha Boganathar. Yekaterinburg: Ezo-Terra Publisher, 2005. (In Russian). Ganapathy T.N., Arumugam K.R., Anand G. Yoga of Siddha Tirumūlar:(essays on the Tirumandiram). St. Etienne de Bolton, Canada: Babaji's Kriya Yoga and Publications, 2006. Goodall D. Parākhyatantra. A Scripture of the Śaiva Siddhānta. Pondicherry: French Institute of Pondicherry and Ecole francaise d’Extreme-Orient, 2004. Isaeva N.V. Word, Which Creates the World. From Early Vedanta to Kashmir Shaivism: Gaudapada, Bhartrihari, Abhinavagupta. Moscow: Ladomir Publiser, 1996. (In Russian). Kapur M. Basic Principles of Siddha System. Psychological Perspectives on Childcare in Indian Indigenous Health Systems. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016, pp. 117–122. Lysenko V.G. Samadhi. Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. M.T. Stepanyants. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura Publisher, 2009, pp. 690-692 (In Russian). Ostrovskaya E.P., Rudy V.I., eds. Classical Yoga (Patanjali Yoga Sutras and Vyasa Bhashya). E.P. Ostrovskaya, and V.I. Rudy. Moscow: Nauka Publisher, 1992. (In Russian). Ottilingam S., Murthy T., Raghavan V. Mental Health: Concepts and Treatment in the Siddha (Tamil) System of Medicine. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry 16.2 (2015): 265–270. Pakhomov S.V. Shaiva-siddhanta. Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. M.T. Stepanyants. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura Publisher, 2009, pp. 855–856. (In Russian). Scharfe H. The Doctrine of the Three Humors in Traditional Indian Medicine and the Alleged Antiquity of Tamil Siddha Medicine. Journal of the American Oriental Society 119.4 (1999): 609–629. Periya Puranam. A Tamil Classic on the Great Saiva Saints of South India. Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Math, 2009 Syrkin A.Ya. Mandukya-upanishada. Upanishads. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura Publisher, 2000. (In Russian). The Hathayogapradīpikā of Svātmārāma with the Commentary Jyotsnā of Brahmānanda and English Translation. Madras: Adyar Library and Research Center, 1972. Tirumantiram: A Tamil Scriptural Classic. Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Math, 2002. Vaiyapuripillai S. History of Tamil Language and Literature. Madras: New Century Book House, 1988. Williams K.L. Understanding Om (Aum), Turīya, and the Three States of Consciousness in the Māndūkya Upanisad. Psychological Perspectives 51.2 (2008): 287–315. Safina, N A. Mental States of ‘Turīya’ and ‘Turīyātita’ in the Teaching of Tirumular (Based on Tamil Treatise “Tirumantiram”). Space and Time 3/4 (2016): 119–126. (In Russian). Fixed network address 2226-7271provr_st3_4-25_26.2016.42.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».