Mental States of ‘Turīya’ and ‘Turīyātita’ in the Teaching of Tirumular (Based on Tamil Treatise “Tirumantiram”)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
study of yogic practices with their states and specialties may be interesting not only from the perspective of Indian history, religion and culture, but also for the modern theoretical and practical psychology. In this paper, using textual, culturological, comparative, and historical and philosophical analysis, I study the turīya and turīyātita mental states presented in the medieval Tamil text of śaiva-siddhānta Tirumantiram. These states grow from the four basic states of consciousness in the Upanishads: awaking state, dream, deep sleep and some ‘fourth’ state. In classical Indian literature, they are compared with the four ‘steps’ of soul on the way to liberation, and the ‘fourth’ state (turīya) equals to the state of samādhi. In this study, I carried out textual analysis of the 8th chapter of the treatise, which deals with the above mental states and suggest the classification of their sub-states. I also performed comparative analysis of a few stages of turīya and turīyātita with the Patanjali’s samādhi stages. For a deeper understanding of the topic, I review the correlation between tattvas (elements), guṇas (qualities) and the above mental states. I conclude that despite significant volume of Tirumantiram and complexity of its philosophical and religious terminology, this text is important for studying śaiva-siddhānta philosophical system, philosophy of yoga, psychology of religion, psychotherapy etc. Buhnemann G. The Roots of Tantra. Journal of the American Oriental Society 123.4 (2003): 931–933. Dmitrieva V.A. Mala. Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. M.T. Stepanyants. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura Publisher, 2009, pp. 500–501. (In Russian). Eliade M. Yoga: Immortality and Freedom. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Publisher, 2004. (In Russian). Ganapathy T.N. Yoga of Siddha Boganathar. Yekaterinburg: Ezo-Terra Publisher, 2005. (In Russian). Ganapathy T.N., Arumugam K.R., Anand G. Yoga of Siddha Tirumūlar:(essays on the Tirumandiram). St. Etienne de Bolton, Canada: Babaji's Kriya Yoga and Publications, 2006. Goodall D. Parākhyatantra. A Scripture of the Śaiva Siddhānta. Pondicherry: French Institute of Pondicherry and Ecole francaise d’Extreme-Orient, 2004. Isaeva N.V. Word, Which Creates the World. From Early Vedanta to Kashmir Shaivism: Gaudapada, Bhartrihari, Abhinavagupta. Moscow: Ladomir Publiser, 1996. (In Russian). Kapur M. Basic Principles of Siddha System. Psychological Perspectives on Childcare in Indian Indigenous Health Systems. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016, pp. 117–122. Lysenko V.G. Samadhi. Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. M.T. Stepanyants. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura Publisher, 2009, pp. 690-692 (In Russian). Ostrovskaya E.P., Rudy V.I., eds. Classical Yoga (Patanjali Yoga Sutras and Vyasa Bhashya). E.P. Ostrovskaya, and V.I. Rudy. Moscow: Nauka Publisher, 1992. (In Russian). Ottilingam S., Murthy T., Raghavan V. Mental Health: Concepts and Treatment in the Siddha (Tamil) System of Medicine. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry 16.2 (2015): 265–270. Pakhomov S.V. Shaiva-siddhanta. Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy. Ed. M.T. Stepanyants. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura Publisher, 2009, pp. 855–856. (In Russian). Scharfe H. The Doctrine of the Three Humors in Traditional Indian Medicine and the Alleged Antiquity of Tamil Siddha Medicine. Journal of the American Oriental Society 119.4 (1999): 609–629. Periya Puranam. A Tamil Classic on the Great Saiva Saints of South India. Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Math, 2009 Syrkin A.Ya. Mandukya-upanishada. Upanishads. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura Publisher, 2000. (In Russian). The Hathayogapradīpikā of Svātmārāma with the Commentary Jyotsnā of Brahmānanda and English Translation. Madras: Adyar Library and Research Center, 1972. Tirumantiram: A Tamil Scriptural Classic. Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Math, 2002. Vaiyapuripillai S. History of Tamil Language and Literature. Madras: New Century Book House, 1988. Williams K.L. Understanding Om (Aum), Turīya, and the Three States of Consciousness in the Māndūkya Upanisad. Psychological Perspectives 51.2 (2008): 287–315. Safina, N A. Mental States of ‘Turīya’ and ‘Turīyātita’ in the Teaching of Tirumular (Based on Tamil Treatise “Tirumantiram”). Space and Time 3/4 (2016): 119–126. (In Russian). Fixed network address 2226-7271provr_st3_4-25_26.2016.42.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".