Notice bibliographique
Résumé
BOOK REVIEW: FROZEN CONFLICTS IN EUROPE Frozen in Europe. Anton Bebler (ed.). Opladen-Berlin-Toronto: Barbara Budrich Publishers, 2015. 215 pp.Conflicts between states and conflicts resulting from secessions not always end with either a victory of one side or a mutually accepted compromise. In several cases, particularly after the Second World War, they resulted in a freeze. Such conflicts reflect the situation in which neither side is able to win militarily and both are unable (and often unwilling) to reach a compromise. There is a long list of such conflicts: from the India-Pakistan confrontation over Kashmir (since 1947) and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (since 1948) to the most recent conflict between Russia and Ukraine over Crimea and Eastern Ukraine (since 2014).Anton Bebler, Professor Emeritus of the University of Ljubljana, former ambassador to the UN and internationally recognized specialist in defense analysis, undertook a study of frozen conflicts in Europe in a comparative perspective.2 Under his direction a group of authors analyses seven such conflicts: Turkish-Greek conflict over Northern Cyprus, Moldovian conflict over Transnistria, conflicts between Russia and Georgia over the status of Abkhazia and Southern Ossetia, conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over Nagorny Karabakh, conflict between Serbia and Kosovo, and the Ukrainian-Russian conflict over Crimea. With the exception of the Cyprus conflict, they have been caused by the disintegration of the Soviet Union and of Yugoslavia. None of these conflicts have been solved yet, even if in all of them the antagonists have reached a stalemate, in which neither a mutually accepted compromise nor a full scale war seem likely.The book is based on an international project initiated at the conference at Lake Bled in August 2012, organized by the Euro-Atlantic Council of Slovenia, of which professor Bebler is the president. The study was supported by a grant from the Friedrich Ebert Foundation of Germany. The designed format of the book was based on the editor's attempt to find for each conflict a neutral expert and commentators from both sides. In case of the last chapter (on Crimea) Bebler wrote the chapter himself and - most likely because of time constrains - published it without advising commentators.3The original design has not been fully accomplished. In some cases the commentators failed to address the essential aspects of the conflict, concentrating instead on factual details. In some the editor was unable to find a competent and willing contributor. Nonetheless, the book constitutes a major intellectual achievement and enriches the international conflicts literature.One of the valuable aspects of the book is its practical orientation. In the introduction, Bebler lists thirteen recommendations proposed at the Bled conference and at least partially applied to the conflicts under study. He also mentions some of the previous conflicts, frozen for a long time but eventually solved by negotiated compromises (Polish-German reconciliation and the Good Friday Agreement on Northern Ireland).Frozen conflicts under discussion have involved outside partners either supporting one side or the other, or trying to facilitate a compromise solution. In the case of Northern Cyprus the most important outside player has been the European Union, particularly since 2004, when Cyprus became its member. The European Union has also played an important role during the short war between Russia and Georgia in 2008, the result of which was the definite secession of Abkhazia and Southern Ossetia, recognized only by the Russian Federation and by a very small number of other states. The conflicts over Nagorny Karabakh and over Transnistria involved the Russian Federation as the main outside power guarantying the ceasefires. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,004 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,007 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,048 | 0,020 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».