Notice bibliographique
Résumé
In global media governance, there is a growing emphasis on free trade which could rock the foundations of media regulation in Western democracies. While the US government pushes for a further liberalization of audio-visual services under the umbrella of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the EU, European countries and Canada are more reserved. They see the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) as a threat to their national media culture. Indeed the liberalization of the audio-visual services sector could restrict the possibilities of statutory media regulation dramatically: the funding of public service broadcasting, quotas for local content and support programmes for the audio-visual industry are claimed to be at stake. In their effort to resist the looming liberalization of film and broadcasting, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) experiences an unexpected revival as an actor in global media governance. By bringing in a non-economic perspective on the media, the UNESCO is thought to justify regulation that considers the media as not just another commodity. With the adoption of the new UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity (CCD) there is for the first time a legally binding international instrument which justifies regulation for the protection and the promotion of cultural diversity. However, the question remains whether the expectations associated with the CCD – namely to create a counterweight to the GATS – are realistic. This presentation aims not only at exploring the potential future implications of a further liberalization for media regulation but also at discussing whether the CCD can possibly stop this development. First it will be argued that the emphasis on purely economic aspects of the media in the current phase of global media governance puts strong pressure on societal regulation of the media. While the implications of the GATS are rather limited at the moment, future trade negotiations are likely to affect media regulation on both the European and the national level. Second, the presentation will investigate the UNESCO's role in global media governance, with a special focus on the new Convention on Cultural Diversity. It will be pointed out that the CCD fills a void within international law by highlighting the sovereign right of nation-states to take measures to protect and foster cultural diversity, including media diversity. Third, before coming to a conclusion, the relationship between the GATS and the CCD will be dealt with. While several clashes between the two treaties are conceivable, at the moment there is no solution in the actual event of a conflict. It will be argued that there is little scope to invoke the UNESCO Convention as a defence against GATS obligations. The chances that WTO bodies take the CCD into account when deciding on conflicts are probably slim at best. Thus, the convention is unlikely to stop the liberalization of audio-visual services.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».