Notice bibliographique
Résumé
How did Australia become a major player in this industry, replacing Japan and surpassing China as a producer? Bearing in mind that the Australian boom preceded the mutations of the global economy, the central issue is the balance of power between historical producers and the industrial and political dynamics of Australia.The context was new for big western companies and they could no longer engage in new investments alone as their financial capabilities did not meet either new capital thresholds or the pace of the equipment installation underway in Australia. This development was amplified by the introduction of aluminium to the London Metal Exchange which enhanced the instability of the prices of light metal sales.Australia’s coal and bauxite reserves were at the root of everything. A major policy of Australian firms and of the Australian government was to prevent the creation of a bauxite “OPEC” in 1974 by other bauxite producing countries with the International Bauxite Association. The IBA was dissolved in 1994 in favor of a bauxite market that was dominated by Australia.The birth of the aluminum industry in Australia was strongly supported by the government. When protectionism was abandoned in the 1970s, many economic measures were introduced to benefit local players. These included the end of the embargo on exports of raw materials, the ban on imports of aluminium and the granting of exploitation rights for Australian ore at very low prices.There are undeniably dynamics that are unique to Australia and these are based on three factors. One is the accumulation of local capital of mining origin which led to the emergence of groups. Another is the manner in which Australian entrepreneurs have played on « the strength of the weak » by positioning themselves between large rival groups. Finally, close relationships were built between democratic representation and financial and industrial groups. These dynamics have produced a heavy environmental footprint as a consequence of the exploitation of coal for thermal electricity, the disruption of fragile natural landscapes with open-cast bauxite mines, and harmful intrusions into the the cultural space of Aborigines.The history of the Tomago plant is a good illustration of the overall process of the emergence of the aluminium industry in Australia. In this case, Pechiney’s technical and managerial achievements are noteworthy. Tomago was a good deal for its Australian partner, CSR, and ultimately for Australian-based groups such as BHP or Rio Tinto who later dominated the mining and aluminum world. Rio Tinto took control of Alcan in 2007 and Alcan had taken over Pechiney in 2003. Among the new entrants to the aluminum industry of the 1970s and 1980s, some had the energy and others the raw material with bauxite. But in addition to these, Australia also had markets and managerial skills from its mining history and this combination explains the dominance of this country in the sector.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,005 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,010 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».