Bibliographic record
Abstract
How did Australia become a major player in this industry, replacing Japan and surpassing China as a producer? Bearing in mind that the Australian boom preceded the mutations of the global economy, the central issue is the balance of power between historical producers and the industrial and political dynamics of Australia.The context was new for big western companies and they could no longer engage in new investments alone as their financial capabilities did not meet either new capital thresholds or the pace of the equipment installation underway in Australia. This development was amplified by the introduction of aluminium to the London Metal Exchange which enhanced the instability of the prices of light metal sales.Australia’s coal and bauxite reserves were at the root of everything. A major policy of Australian firms and of the Australian government was to prevent the creation of a bauxite “OPEC” in 1974 by other bauxite producing countries with the International Bauxite Association. The IBA was dissolved in 1994 in favor of a bauxite market that was dominated by Australia.The birth of the aluminum industry in Australia was strongly supported by the government. When protectionism was abandoned in the 1970s, many economic measures were introduced to benefit local players. These included the end of the embargo on exports of raw materials, the ban on imports of aluminium and the granting of exploitation rights for Australian ore at very low prices.There are undeniably dynamics that are unique to Australia and these are based on three factors. One is the accumulation of local capital of mining origin which led to the emergence of groups. Another is the manner in which Australian entrepreneurs have played on « the strength of the weak » by positioning themselves between large rival groups. Finally, close relationships were built between democratic representation and financial and industrial groups. These dynamics have produced a heavy environmental footprint as a consequence of the exploitation of coal for thermal electricity, the disruption of fragile natural landscapes with open-cast bauxite mines, and harmful intrusions into the the cultural space of Aborigines.The history of the Tomago plant is a good illustration of the overall process of the emergence of the aluminium industry in Australia. In this case, Pechiney’s technical and managerial achievements are noteworthy. Tomago was a good deal for its Australian partner, CSR, and ultimately for Australian-based groups such as BHP or Rio Tinto who later dominated the mining and aluminum world. Rio Tinto took control of Alcan in 2007 and Alcan had taken over Pechiney in 2003. Among the new entrants to the aluminum industry of the 1970s and 1980s, some had the energy and others the raw material with bauxite. But in addition to these, Australia also had markets and managerial skills from its mining history and this combination explains the dominance of this country in the sector.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".