What is best for Canada? An Analysis of the Regulation of E-commerce through Multilateral Trade Agreements
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The use of the internet has grown drastically worldwide since the late 1990s. Increasingly the internet is being used to engage in electronic commerce (e-commerce), especially trade across borders. As this is a relatively new policy area with such a huge emergence, governments globally are attempting to regulate it while taking different approaches. However, it is becoming more clear that there needs to be some level of international coordination to ensure that the ecommerce market remains The use of the internet has grown drastically worldwide since the late 1990s. Increasingly the internet is being used to engage in electronic commerce (e-commerce), especially trade across borders. As this is a relatively new policy area with such a huge emergence, governments globally are attempting to regulate it while taking different approaches. However, it is becoming more clear that there needs to be some level of international coordination to ensure that the ecommerce market remains open and can grow without barriers. Currently Canada has numerous e-commerce policies and regulations that are out of date and not reflective of the modern crossborder nature of e-commerce. Additionally, Canada is not taking advantage of trade agreements to address e-commerce issues faced by Canadian consumers and businesses. As Canada begins NAFTA re-negotiations now is an important time to determine what provisions should be included in future trade deals, as well as create strong domestic policies. Based on the qualitative analysis completed in this capstone there is a three pronged approach that should be adopted by Canadian policymakers. Firstly, Canadian domestic trade policy should be updated, using the policies from the European Union and the United States as references, to better reflect the current e-commerce trade environment. These updated policies should subsequently be reflected in trade agreements. Secondly, multilateral trade agreements should be utilized to better promote Canadian e-commerce priorities, specifically consumer protection and security. Finally, within trade agreements Canada should call for more commitment and adherence to already existing framework from international bodies. Multilateral trade agreements provide the ideal platform to address global e-commerce issues, and Canada is well positioned to be at the forefront of these discussions. open and can grow without barriers. Currently Canada has numerous e-commerce policies and regulations that are out of date and not reflective of the modern crossborder nature of e-commerce. Additionally, Canada is not taking advantage of trade agreements to address e-commerce issues faced by Canadian consumers and businesses. As Canada begins NAFTA re-negotiations now is an important time to determine what provisions should be included in future trade deals, as well as create strong domestic policies. Based on the qualitative analysis completed in this capstone there is a three pronged approach that should be adopted by Canadian policymakers. Firstly, Canadian domestic trade policy should be updated, using the policies from the European Union and the United States as references, to better reflect the current e-commerce trade environment. These updated policies should subsequently be reflected in trade agreements. Secondly, multilateral trade agreements should be utilized to better promote Canadian e-commerce priorities, specifically consumer protection and security. Finally, within trade agreements Canada should call for more commitment and adherence to already existing framework from international bodies. Multilateral trade agreements provide the ideal platform to address global e-commerce issues, and Canada is well positioned to be at the forefront of these discussions.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,006 | 0,013 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,011 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,031 | 0,014 |
| Communication savante | 0,016 | 0,004 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,005 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».