What is best for Canada? An Analysis of the Regulation of E-commerce through Multilateral Trade Agreements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of the internet has grown drastically worldwide since the late 1990s. Increasingly the internet is being used to engage in electronic commerce (e-commerce), especially trade across borders. As this is a relatively new policy area with such a huge emergence, governments globally are attempting to regulate it while taking different approaches. However, it is becoming more clear that there needs to be some level of international coordination to ensure that the ecommerce market remains The use of the internet has grown drastically worldwide since the late 1990s. Increasingly the internet is being used to engage in electronic commerce (e-commerce), especially trade across borders. As this is a relatively new policy area with such a huge emergence, governments globally are attempting to regulate it while taking different approaches. However, it is becoming more clear that there needs to be some level of international coordination to ensure that the ecommerce market remains open and can grow without barriers. Currently Canada has numerous e-commerce policies and regulations that are out of date and not reflective of the modern crossborder nature of e-commerce. Additionally, Canada is not taking advantage of trade agreements to address e-commerce issues faced by Canadian consumers and businesses. As Canada begins NAFTA re-negotiations now is an important time to determine what provisions should be included in future trade deals, as well as create strong domestic policies. Based on the qualitative analysis completed in this capstone there is a three pronged approach that should be adopted by Canadian policymakers. Firstly, Canadian domestic trade policy should be updated, using the policies from the European Union and the United States as references, to better reflect the current e-commerce trade environment. These updated policies should subsequently be reflected in trade agreements. Secondly, multilateral trade agreements should be utilized to better promote Canadian e-commerce priorities, specifically consumer protection and security. Finally, within trade agreements Canada should call for more commitment and adherence to already existing framework from international bodies. Multilateral trade agreements provide the ideal platform to address global e-commerce issues, and Canada is well positioned to be at the forefront of these discussions. open and can grow without barriers. Currently Canada has numerous e-commerce policies and regulations that are out of date and not reflective of the modern crossborder nature of e-commerce. Additionally, Canada is not taking advantage of trade agreements to address e-commerce issues faced by Canadian consumers and businesses. As Canada begins NAFTA re-negotiations now is an important time to determine what provisions should be included in future trade deals, as well as create strong domestic policies. Based on the qualitative analysis completed in this capstone there is a three pronged approach that should be adopted by Canadian policymakers. Firstly, Canadian domestic trade policy should be updated, using the policies from the European Union and the United States as references, to better reflect the current e-commerce trade environment. These updated policies should subsequently be reflected in trade agreements. Secondly, multilateral trade agreements should be utilized to better promote Canadian e-commerce priorities, specifically consumer protection and security. Finally, within trade agreements Canada should call for more commitment and adherence to already existing framework from international bodies. Multilateral trade agreements provide the ideal platform to address global e-commerce issues, and Canada is well positioned to be at the forefront of these discussions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.031 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.016 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".