Phosphonate-Based Inhibitor Reduces Scaling Potential of Seawater
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of “Mitigation of Scaling Potential of Seawater in High-Temperature Environment Using Phosphonate Scale Inhibitor,” by Raafat M. Yamak and Hisham Nasr-El-Din, SPE, Texas A&M University; Sabiq Rahim, SPE, Halliburton; and Moussa Taleb, University of Calgary, prepared for the 2019 SPE Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, 16–18 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. In this study, a laboratory analysis was conducted to study the effect of a phosphonate-based scale inhibitor on a mixture of hypersaline Arabian Gulf seawater and formation water under high-temperature/high-pressure conditions. The objective was to identify the minimum scale-inhibitor concentration required at various temperatures to achieve a cost-effective solution in minimizing the formation of common oilfield scales. This research pushes the thermal constraints of a phosphonate-based scale inhibitor to 330°F to test its efficiency and treatment integrity. Introduction Produced water, seawater, and nanofiltered seawater have been explored as environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternatives to fresh water in fracturing fluids at different ratios. Consequently, total-dissolved-solids (TDS) levels, salinity, and bottomhole temperatures have increased, making scale inhibitors more important than ever. In this study, raw Arabian Gulf seawater and a water mixture from the Jafurah formation was used at various ratios and at different temperatures to determine the efficiency of a phosphonate-based scale inhibitor in the presence of ion complexes. High scale formation was associated with the ionic effect on the fluid, especially because of the high content of sulfate in seawater and high barium and calcium concentrations in connate water. Scale-advisory-software results indicated that barium sulfate was the major scale. Additionally, specific ions can affect the pH of the fluid severely, thereby inhibiting the operational function of the buffer systems. Scaling is a natural byproduct of seawater-based fracturing. As a result, various water treatments have been implemented to decrease scale formation. One such method involves nanofiltration. Experimental results have shown that nanofiltration caused sulfate reduction in seawater sources down to 300 ppm. This lowers the scaling tendency to a point at which it is controllable by conventional chemical treatments. To address the issue of freshwater scarcity and associated treatment costs of alternatives such as waste water, the use of raw seawater has received attention. The TDS content of the source water used in this paper is one of the highest in the world, given that the Arabian Gulf is known for its hyper-saline conditions. Furthermore, the cations present in the water, namely calcium and magnesium, are known to cause problems in the formulation process of hydraulic-fracturing fluid. As a result, it is expected that certain fracturing-fluid additives must be increased to meet these challenges and ultimately create a stable seawater-based fracturing-fluid system with appropriate gelation timing that meets industry standards. This study aims to find an alternative source to freshwater-based fracturing fluid and contribute to the study of scale inhibition as dirtier water sources are considered.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».