Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of “Mitigation of Scaling Potential of Seawater in High-Temperature Environment Using Phosphonate Scale Inhibitor,” by Raafat M. Yamak and Hisham Nasr-El-Din, SPE, Texas A&M University; Sabiq Rahim, SPE, Halliburton; and Moussa Taleb, University of Calgary, prepared for the 2019 SPE Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Annual Technical Symposium and Exhibition, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, 16–18 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. In this study, a laboratory analysis was conducted to study the effect of a phosphonate-based scale inhibitor on a mixture of hypersaline Arabian Gulf seawater and formation water under high-temperature/high-pressure conditions. The objective was to identify the minimum scale-inhibitor concentration required at various temperatures to achieve a cost-effective solution in minimizing the formation of common oilfield scales. This research pushes the thermal constraints of a phosphonate-based scale inhibitor to 330°F to test its efficiency and treatment integrity. Introduction Produced water, seawater, and nanofiltered seawater have been explored as environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternatives to fresh water in fracturing fluids at different ratios. Consequently, total-dissolved-solids (TDS) levels, salinity, and bottomhole temperatures have increased, making scale inhibitors more important than ever. In this study, raw Arabian Gulf seawater and a water mixture from the Jafurah formation was used at various ratios and at different temperatures to determine the efficiency of a phosphonate-based scale inhibitor in the presence of ion complexes. High scale formation was associated with the ionic effect on the fluid, especially because of the high content of sulfate in seawater and high barium and calcium concentrations in connate water. Scale-advisory-software results indicated that barium sulfate was the major scale. Additionally, specific ions can affect the pH of the fluid severely, thereby inhibiting the operational function of the buffer systems. Scaling is a natural byproduct of seawater-based fracturing. As a result, various water treatments have been implemented to decrease scale formation. One such method involves nanofiltration. Experimental results have shown that nanofiltration caused sulfate reduction in seawater sources down to 300 ppm. This lowers the scaling tendency to a point at which it is controllable by conventional chemical treatments. To address the issue of freshwater scarcity and associated treatment costs of alternatives such as waste water, the use of raw seawater has received attention. The TDS content of the source water used in this paper is one of the highest in the world, given that the Arabian Gulf is known for its hyper-saline conditions. Furthermore, the cations present in the water, namely calcium and magnesium, are known to cause problems in the formulation process of hydraulic-fracturing fluid. As a result, it is expected that certain fracturing-fluid additives must be increased to meet these challenges and ultimately create a stable seawater-based fracturing-fluid system with appropriate gelation timing that meets industry standards. This study aims to find an alternative source to freshwater-based fracturing fluid and contribute to the study of scale inhibition as dirtier water sources are considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".