The dynamics of regions moving toward energy self-sufficiency : Examples of 100% renewable energy initiatives from different regions around the world
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Aiming to resolve global warming, renewable energy is developing rapidly at the global level. Renewable energy has many contacts with local regions based on its decentralized and low energy density characteristics. Thus, the attitudes of local citizens and local acceptance are significantly affected by the sustainability of renewable energy projects. As another new movement, international frameworks including the Paris Agreement and UN Sustainable Development Goals differ from the previous approach, which did not set numerous indicators, but required that each government drew their visions and goals. Each national/regional government had to establish and achieve targets autonomously. This research focused on the 100% renewable energy initiatives to consider the sustainable energy society. The purpose of the paper is to 1) grasp the holistic trend of the 100% renewable energy initiatives worldwide and 2) dissect case studies and details of the targets, its motivation, civic involvement, and local/social background. A series of data related to the 100% renewable energy targets was collected through the research network of the 100% renewable campaign. Moreover, interviews and questionnaires in Osnabrück, Vancouver, San Francisco, and Frederikshavn were conducted at the international conference in Kassel, Germany. Interviews and field visits to Fukushima prefecture were conducted to compare the international situation with the domestic situation in Japan. The results indicated that 78 countries, regions, islands, and cities had set 100% renewable goals by the beginning of December 2015. The main sectors of the targets are electricity, transport, and heating/cooling; however, the combination of targets is diverse. The results also imply that dozens of communities had formulated a 100% renewable energy target by comprehensively reevaluating the energy system while respecting their historical backgrounds and local conditions. Even in metropolitan areas, the possibility of setting a 100% renewable energy policy target by combining climate change countermeasures, regional development, and urban planning was demonstrated. Furthermore, it is important to understand that setting the target is the first step, and municipalities must implement the project in medium to long-term strategies. Therefore, observing and monitoring the project through public participation from diverse sectors, evaluating projects from different angles, and efforts to cooperate with citizens should be emphasized in the implementation stage. In conclusion, the regional cases discussed in this research suggest the possibility of setting and achieving 100% renewable energy targets by combining resources and projects. In addition, many options as solutions to improve energy self-sufficiency exist. For the prospects of a Japanese energy strategy, it is expected that a high commitment to renewable energy will be set through national decision in addition to the initiatives of citizens, as well as regional and private sector initiatives.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».