The dynamics of regions moving toward energy self-sufficiency : Examples of 100% renewable energy initiatives from different regions around the world
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aiming to resolve global warming, renewable energy is developing rapidly at the global level. Renewable energy has many contacts with local regions based on its decentralized and low energy density characteristics. Thus, the attitudes of local citizens and local acceptance are significantly affected by the sustainability of renewable energy projects. As another new movement, international frameworks including the Paris Agreement and UN Sustainable Development Goals differ from the previous approach, which did not set numerous indicators, but required that each government drew their visions and goals. Each national/regional government had to establish and achieve targets autonomously. This research focused on the 100% renewable energy initiatives to consider the sustainable energy society. The purpose of the paper is to 1) grasp the holistic trend of the 100% renewable energy initiatives worldwide and 2) dissect case studies and details of the targets, its motivation, civic involvement, and local/social background. A series of data related to the 100% renewable energy targets was collected through the research network of the 100% renewable campaign. Moreover, interviews and questionnaires in Osnabrück, Vancouver, San Francisco, and Frederikshavn were conducted at the international conference in Kassel, Germany. Interviews and field visits to Fukushima prefecture were conducted to compare the international situation with the domestic situation in Japan. The results indicated that 78 countries, regions, islands, and cities had set 100% renewable goals by the beginning of December 2015. The main sectors of the targets are electricity, transport, and heating/cooling; however, the combination of targets is diverse. The results also imply that dozens of communities had formulated a 100% renewable energy target by comprehensively reevaluating the energy system while respecting their historical backgrounds and local conditions. Even in metropolitan areas, the possibility of setting a 100% renewable energy policy target by combining climate change countermeasures, regional development, and urban planning was demonstrated. Furthermore, it is important to understand that setting the target is the first step, and municipalities must implement the project in medium to long-term strategies. Therefore, observing and monitoring the project through public participation from diverse sectors, evaluating projects from different angles, and efforts to cooperate with citizens should be emphasized in the implementation stage. In conclusion, the regional cases discussed in this research suggest the possibility of setting and achieving 100% renewable energy targets by combining resources and projects. In addition, many options as solutions to improve energy self-sufficiency exist. For the prospects of a Japanese energy strategy, it is expected that a high commitment to renewable energy will be set through national decision in addition to the initiatives of citizens, as well as regional and private sector initiatives.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".