Author response: Neural pattern change during encoding of a narrative predicts retrospective duration estimates

How do humans judge how much time has passed during daily life, such as when waiting for the bus? Psychology studies have shown that people remember events to have lasted longer when more changes occurred during that time period. These changes can occur either in the environment (such as changes in location) or in the individual’s internal state (such as changes in goals and emotions). Brain activity changes from moment to moment. Lositsky et al. hypothesized that when patterns of activity in a person’s brain change a lot across an interval of time, that person will judge that a long time has passed. On the other hand, if brain activity changes less over that interval, individuals will judge that less time has passed. Some regions of the brain are sensitive to information that unfolds over several minutes; many of these regions are vital for forming memories of episodes from our lives. Using a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Lositsky et al. specifically looked at the activity of these regions while volunteers listened to a 25-minute radio drama. Afterwards, the volunteers listened to clips from different events in the story and judged how much time passed between those events. Even though each pair of audio clips occurred exactly two minutes apart in the original story, people’s time judgments were strongly influenced by how many scene changes happened in the story between the two clips. In a part of the brain called the right anterior temporal lobe – and especially in a region of it called the entorhinal cortex – Lositsky et al. found that brain activity changed more when audio clips were judged to be further apart in time. Activity in this region fluctuated more slowly overall than in the rest of the brain. This could mean that it combines sensory information (about images, sounds, smells and so on) across minutes of time, in order to form a representation of the current situation. Future research could focus on several unanswered questions. Exactly which environmental and internal changes influence our perception of time? What form does this information take in the entorhinal cortex? Studies show that the entorhinal cortex contains “grid cells” that track our location in space. Could these cells also help judge the passage of time?

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