Notice bibliographique
Résumé
I. GLOBAL ASSESSMENT AND OUTLOOKDespite six years of unconventional monetary policy by central banks in the industrial countries, global economic growth this year is expected to hold steady at last year's sluggish speed. At the end of last year, policy makers and global strategists were forecasting for 2014 economic growth in the United States to hit above 3% rates, leading the world to a strong recovery and job creation. According to monthly GDP estimates, the U.S. economy entered a declining path in December 2013, a month of normal weather conditions, and real GDP fell by 1% in the first quarter of 2014, which was blamed on a snowy winter.In the Euro Area, growth has been disappointing with readings in industrial production in the first three months of 2014 below last December's level. Preliminary first quarter of 2014 GDP numbers show overall growth of 0.8% annual rate with nil growth in France and declines in Italy and the Netherlands. Recent indicators for China point to a high probability of a further slowdown in its economic growth. With a debt-to-GDP ratio of 230% in the non-financial sector, bubbling home prices, excess capacity and redirection of investment to unproductive sectors, China's economy slowed to 7.4% growth in the first quarter of 2014, below the official target of 7.5%.In this lethargic for industrial countries and decelerating for emerging economies environment, we expect on the average global growth to continue at a snail's pace, characterized by some pleasant country specific transitory high growth quarterly reports, which will be balanced by unpleasant slower or negative growth numbers later or in any other country around the globe. The underlying trend will remain the same as long as real after-tax labor incomes continue to stagnate. In addition, there are several geopolitical concerns regarding the relations between Russia and western countries aligned with Ukraine, unresolved ongoing conflicts in Syria and Libya, and possible forthcoming adverse situations in Iraq and Afghanistan from the departure of U.S. and NATO troops.The ECB is expected to cut rates in the summer, China will likely introduce economic stimulus to reach its growth targets, and U.S. unconventional monetary policy will be adjusting to avoid a new recession. In sum, worldwide GDP is forecast to grow 2.9% in 2014, the same as in 2013, and then to modestly accelerate to 3.3% during 2015-16. Led by higher food prices and rising wages, inflation rates are forecast to begin accelerating over the forecast horizon, especially in the non-European economic blocs.II. SHORT-TERM INDICATORS AND FORECASTSThe baseline forecast incorporates major findings of the World Economic Survey conducted by the German Ifo Institute and the Paris-based International Chamber of Commerce, which was conducted in the second quarter of 2014. About 1,200 executives from 121 countries have indicated that the world's economic climate fell in the second quarter and expectations for the second half of the year were clouded. The major findings of the second quarter's survey are as follows:* Worldwide, executives evaluated the current economic situation, second quarter of 2014, to be slightly below satisfactory levels, led by low levels of consumption expenditures. They found economic activity in their countries in the second quarter of 2014 to be better than in the second quarter of 2013. Most important, regarding the future, executives are optimistic, expecting economic conditions in the fourth quarter of 2014 to be above those prevailing in the second quarter of 2014.* On a regional basis, North American executives assessed the current economic situation to be slightly above satisfactory levels and better than a year ago. Looking forward, business experts from the United States and Canada expect economic conditions to get better in the next six months. In Asia, executives appraised the current economic situation to be below satisfactory levels and slightly better than a year ago; they were a little optimistic about the future, expecting economic activity in the next six months to be somewhat better in the second half of 2014. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».