Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Coal, a nonrenewable fossil fuel, which has been used since ancient times, is one of the major sources of energy at present as well. Coal use is associated with several operational and environmental problems. Most of the high-grade coals have already been extracted, so coal left for future use is more of low grade with high moisture and ash content. Environmental issues related to coal combustion are multifaceted and are threatening the sustainability of coal use, mostly in power generation and gasification. There are quite efficient technologies that do exist for controlling pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, trace elements, and fine particulate matter. However, one of the serious problems facing the future of coal is emission of carbon dioxide—a greenhouse gas leading to climate change. Coal is still going to be a major player in the global energy spectrum over next 30–40 years and, in particular, for the countries such as India and China. However, the sustainable future of coal depends on mitigating these pollutants and GHG emissions. This chapter reviews the advanced characterization of coal so as to link the coal properties to operational problems such as unburned carbon and ash-related issues. The beneficiation of coal, both physical and chemical, has been included to improve the coal quality in order to reduce these emissions. The environmental issues related to emissions of NOx, SOx, trace elements and fine particulate matter, and postcombustion technologies to reduce these emissions have been presented as well. The utilization of such technologies and installation of pollution control devices can meet stringent regulatory emission limits except GHGs emission. Advanced combustion technologies, such as supercritical, ultrasupercritical boilers, integrated gasification combined cycle, and integrated gasification fuel cell, increase electricity generation efficiency and thereby reduce the GHG emissions per unit of electricity. There are a number of carbon capture technologies, including precombustion, postcombustion, oxy-firing, and chemical looping combustion, those aid to reduce GHG emissions. Current status for carbon capture and storage is also presented in this chapter. The utilization of high-efficiency low-emission technologies, including coal beneficiation, advanced combustion technologies, installation of pollution control measures, and the deployment of carbon capture and storage technologies, can leverage the coal use sustainability.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».