Evaluation of a Google Cardboard Stereo Image Viewer as a Valid Alternative to Cadaveric Specimens for Testing Anatomical Knowledge
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The application of three‐dimensional (3D) visualization technology has generated interest due to its potential to augment or even replace cadaver use in anatomical education. By adopting stereoscopic 3D digital technologies, educational institutions may be able to mitigate issues related to the resource intensiveness of cadaver use such as prosection availability, body donation and the infrastructure to maintain physical specimens. We previously developed a smartphone application, titled VRBR, which uses an inexpensive Google Cardboard headset to display 2D or stereoscopic 3D images of cadaveric and plastinated specimens and plastic models for learning and testing anatomical knowledge. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness and validity of stereoscopic 3D images, 2D images and cadaveric specimens in testing anatomical knowledge with practical examinations (OSPEs) for undergraduate students with prior anatomy education. As cadaveric specimens and stereoscopic 3D images are both stereoscopic, we hypothesized that participants would perform similarly between those modalities, and more poorly in 2D. Students who had previously completed an undergraduate anatomy and physiology course (N = 60) were randomized to one of three testing groups (A, B or C). Each testing group was administered OSPEs in three distinct modalities: VRBR 2D images, VRBR stereoscopic 3D images or cadaveric specimens. In total, each participant answered 45 anatomy‐based questions (15 per modality, test order randomized across groups) and completed a questionnaire assessing cybersickness and user satisfaction. Participants completed a stereo fly test and mental rotation test to assess their stereoacuity and visuospatial ability, respectively. These are potential covariates of the testing outcome when assessing spatially complex objects of varying depth. This study was approved by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board. In regard to cybersickness, a small fraction reported nausea (7.7%), vertigo (7.7%), and dizziness (15.4%) while responses for headache (23.1%) and fatigue (23.1%) were moderate and general discomfort (61.5%) and eyestrain (76.9%) were more prevalent. Preliminary data (N = 13) assessed via two‐way ANOVA, suggested that there were no statistically significant effects of test version (F(1, 22) = 0.005, p = 0.945) or stereoscopy (F(1, 22) = 0.009, p = 0.728). If this trend persisted through completion of the study, it may suggest that stereoscopy, as provided by the headset, does not improve the effectiveness of digital tools for testing anatomy knowledge recall. Complete data collection and analysis in February 2020 will provide a more complete picture of the validity of stereoscopy in testing anatomy knowledge recall. With ongoing analysis, the results from this study may elucidate the effect of stereopsis in testing anatomical knowledge and guide the future development of undergraduate anatomy education curricula. Support or Funding Information Funded by the Education Program in Anatomy.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,008 | 0,027 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».