Evaluation of a Google Cardboard Stereo Image Viewer as a Valid Alternative to Cadaveric Specimens for Testing Anatomical Knowledge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The application of three‐dimensional (3D) visualization technology has generated interest due to its potential to augment or even replace cadaver use in anatomical education. By adopting stereoscopic 3D digital technologies, educational institutions may be able to mitigate issues related to the resource intensiveness of cadaver use such as prosection availability, body donation and the infrastructure to maintain physical specimens. We previously developed a smartphone application, titled VRBR, which uses an inexpensive Google Cardboard headset to display 2D or stereoscopic 3D images of cadaveric and plastinated specimens and plastic models for learning and testing anatomical knowledge. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness and validity of stereoscopic 3D images, 2D images and cadaveric specimens in testing anatomical knowledge with practical examinations (OSPEs) for undergraduate students with prior anatomy education. As cadaveric specimens and stereoscopic 3D images are both stereoscopic, we hypothesized that participants would perform similarly between those modalities, and more poorly in 2D. Students who had previously completed an undergraduate anatomy and physiology course (N = 60) were randomized to one of three testing groups (A, B or C). Each testing group was administered OSPEs in three distinct modalities: VRBR 2D images, VRBR stereoscopic 3D images or cadaveric specimens. In total, each participant answered 45 anatomy‐based questions (15 per modality, test order randomized across groups) and completed a questionnaire assessing cybersickness and user satisfaction. Participants completed a stereo fly test and mental rotation test to assess their stereoacuity and visuospatial ability, respectively. These are potential covariates of the testing outcome when assessing spatially complex objects of varying depth. This study was approved by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board. In regard to cybersickness, a small fraction reported nausea (7.7%), vertigo (7.7%), and dizziness (15.4%) while responses for headache (23.1%) and fatigue (23.1%) were moderate and general discomfort (61.5%) and eyestrain (76.9%) were more prevalent. Preliminary data (N = 13) assessed via two‐way ANOVA, suggested that there were no statistically significant effects of test version (F(1, 22) = 0.005, p = 0.945) or stereoscopy (F(1, 22) = 0.009, p = 0.728). If this trend persisted through completion of the study, it may suggest that stereoscopy, as provided by the headset, does not improve the effectiveness of digital tools for testing anatomy knowledge recall. Complete data collection and analysis in February 2020 will provide a more complete picture of the validity of stereoscopy in testing anatomy knowledge recall. With ongoing analysis, the results from this study may elucidate the effect of stereopsis in testing anatomical knowledge and guide the future development of undergraduate anatomy education curricula. Support or Funding Information Funded by the Education Program in Anatomy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".