<i>Chrna5</i> is Essential for a Rapid and Protected Response to Optogenetic Release of Endogenous Acetylcholine in Prefrontal Cortex

Optimal attention performance requires cholinergic modulation of corticothalamic neurons in the prefrontal cortex. These pyramidal cells express specialized nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing the α5 subunit encoded by Chrna5. Disruption of this gene impairs attention, but the advantage α5 confers on endogenous cholinergic signaling is unknown. To ascertain this underlying mechanism, we used optogenetics to stimulate cholinergic afferents in prefrontal cortex brain slices from compound-transgenic wild-type and Chrna5 knock-out mice of both sexes. These electrophysiological experiments identify that Chrna5 is critical for the rapid onset of the postsynaptic cholinergic response. Loss of α5 slows cholinergic excitation and delays its peak, and these effects are observed in two different optogenetic mouse lines. Disruption of Chrna5 does not otherwise perturb the magnitude of the response, which remains strongly mediated by nicotinic receptors and tightly controlled by autoinhibition via muscarinic M2 receptors. However, when conditions are altered to promote sustained cholinergic receptor stimulation, it becomes evident that α5 also works to protect nicotinic responses against desensitization. Rescuing Chrna5 disruption thus presents the double challenge of improving the onset of nicotinic signaling without triggering desensitization. Here, we identify that an agonist for the unorthodox α-α nicotinic binding site can allosterically enhance the cholinergic pathway considered vital for attention. Treatment with NS9283 restores the rapid onset of the postsynaptic cholinergic response without triggering desensitization. Together, this work demonstrates the advantages of speed and resilience that Chrna5 confers on endogenous cholinergic signaling, defining a critical window of interest for cue detection and attentional processing. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The α5 nicotinic receptor subunit (Chrna5) is important for attention, but its advantage in detecting endogenous cholinergic signals is unknown. Here, we show that α5 subunits permit rapid cholinergic responses in prefrontal cortex and protect these responses from desensitization. Our findings clarify why Chrna5 is required for optimal attentional performance under demanding conditions. To treat the deficit arising from Chrna5 disruption without triggering desensitization, we enhanced nicotinic receptor affinity using NS9283 stimulation at the unorthodox α-α nicotinic binding site. This approach successfully restored the rapid-onset kinetics of endogenous cholinergic neurotransmission. In summary, we reveal a previously unknown role of Chrna5 as well as an effective approach to compensate for genetic disruption and permit fast cholinergic excitation of prefrontal attention circuits.

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