Notice bibliographique
Résumé
After the uprising leading to the end of the Qaddafi regime, Libya has historic opportunity to become democratic country in the Western sense if the peacebuilding process is successfully completed in the country in the post-conflict period. This article aims to outline the basic steps of the peacebuilding process, involving transitional justice, forming representative government, strengthening security, making new constitution, economic reconstruction, and national reconciliation, in that order. The study also emphasizes that since post-conflict situations usually require outside help due to institutional weaknesses, as well as limited human and financial resources, the assistance of the international community to Libya is crucial in the process of peacebuilding.INTRODUCTIONThe successful uprising in Libya that led to the ousting of longtime President Muammar Qaddafi is one of the most shocking events of the last year. Before the uprising, the common belief had been that, despite some opposition, Libya was stable authoritarian regime and prospects of change were minimal.But something unexpected occurred at the start of 2011. After popular movements overturned the rulers of Tunisia and Egypt, its immediate neighbors to the west and east, Libya began to experience large-scale uprising, starting on February 17, 2011. On February 27, the National Transitional Council (NTC) was established under the stewardship of Mustafa Abdul Jalil, Qaddafi's former justice minister, to administer the areas of Libya under rebel control. This marked the first serious effort to organize the broad-based opposition to the Qaddafi regime and on March 10, 2011, France became the first state to officially recognize the NTC as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people. By early March 2011, much of Libya tipped out of Qaddafi's control, coming under the control of coalition of opposition forces, including soldiers who decided to support the rebels. Especially Eastern Libya, centered on the second city and vital port of Benghazi, was firmly in the hands of the opposition, while Tripoli and its environs remained under Qaddafi's control for while.In several public appearances, Qaddafi threatened to destroy the protest movement and many agencies reported that his government was arming pro-Qaddafi militants to kill protesters 'm TriPoli. This led the United Nations (UN) to officially condemn the crackdown as violating international law. Meanwhile, the United States imposed economic sanctions against Libya, followed shortly after by Australia and Canada doing the same. On March 17, 2011, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1973 that sanctioned the establishment of no-fly zone and the use of all means necessary to protect civilians in Libya.On March 19, 2011, the first allied act to secure the no-fly zone began when French military jets entered Libyan airspace on reconnaissance mission to secure civilians. Allied military action, particularly involving the United States and United Kingdom, to enforce the ceasefire commenced the same day.On June 27, 2011, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for Qaddafi, alleging that Qaddafi had been personally involved in planning and implementing a policy of widespread and systematic attacks against civilians.By August 22, 2011, the rebel fighters entered Tripoli and occupied Green Square, which they renamed Martyrs' Square in honor of those who died during the uprising. Qaddafi asserted that he was still in Libya and would not concede power to the rebels. But he was eventually captured and killed on October 20, 2011 in his hometown, Sirte.So the uprising targeting directly the Qaddafi regime and its supporters ended, but the greatest challenge, afterwards, has been how to heal the wounds of the large-scale conflict and build peace in the country. In that sense, Libya is at crossroad. The country may go to the direction of democracy if the peacebuilding process is successfully completed or autocracy may continue in new form if it is failed to do so. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».