Why Can't We Be Like France? How the Right to Bear Arms Got Left Out of the Declaration of Rights and How Gun Registration was Decreed Just In Time For the Nazi Occupation
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
IV. 1935: PRIME MINISTER PIERRE LAVAL DECREES FIREARM REGISTRATION Having no historical recognition of a fundamental right to keep and bear arms, it would not be difficult for the French government to require that firearms be registered, which would make it easier to confiscate them. Prime Minister Pierre Laval decreed such a law in 1935, just five years before he would become the chief collaborator with Nazi Germany of occupied France. (180) The firearm registration records would be available to the French police who administered Nazi occupation policies, including the death penalty for possession of firearms. (181) France in the mid-1930s experienced conflict between political factions and the collapse of governments. (182) The most volatile disturbances rocked Paris on February 6, 1934, in which police and Mobile Guards opened fire on civilians, killing sixteen. (183) One policeman was killed. (184) To politicians, clamping down on civilian gun ownership appeared to be a remedy. On June 8, 1935, the Chamber of Deputies passed an enabling act that granted Prime Minister Pierre Laval, whose cabinet included moderates and Radical-Socialists, the power to rule by decree-law. (185) In opposition to rightist groups such as the Croix de Feu (Cross of Fire), the Radicals joined with the Socialists and Communists in the Front Populaire. (186) By fall, the leftist press warned that the Croix de Feu was planning to seize power, seeking to alarm the Radical party conference meeting held from October 24-27. (187) To allay that fear, the government decreed the strengthening of the game mobile mandated that authorities be notified of public meetings and restricted firearm possession. (188) The Laval law decree (decret-lois) was proclaimed on October 23, 1935, by the Cabinet without legislative action under the enabling act of June 8. (189) Introduced by the previous government, it was reported by Chauvin as a bill concerning demonstrations on public streets, and commerce, import and possession of arms. (190) Leon Berard, Minister of Justice, and Joseph Paganon, Minister of the Interior, formally proposed the law. (191) The decree defined and restricted war weapons, restricted importation of firearms, extended recordkeeping requirements by firearms manufacturers and dealers, including the keeping of daily registers, and prohibited sale of firearms by flea market vendors. (192) Its most radical provisions required registration of firearm owners and punished violators without regard to any evil intent. Specifically, Article 9 stated: Each person in possession of a firearm at the enactment of the present decree must make a declaration of it to the prefect or the sub-prefect of the place of his residence within the time limit of one month. Anyone after the enactment of the present decree who receives a firearm must make a declaration of it to the prefect or the sub-prefect of the place of his residence within the time limit of 8 days. Receipts of the declarations referenced in the two previous paragraphs will be delivered to the concerned parties. Each violation of the requirements of the first two paragraphs of the present article shall be punishable by a fine of 100 to 1,000 Francs. The court in addition will order the forfeiture of the weapon.... Failure to comply with this order shall be punishable with imprisonment of from six months to two years.... (193) However, the registration requirement did not apply to hunting guns or to historic or collectable firearms. (194) It was prominently publicized that the decree requires anyone in possession of arms to declare his place of residency to the prefect or his assistant. (195) The deadline for registration of arms was one month, expiring on November 24, 1935. (196) Regulations to implement the above decree were promulgated on November 22, 1935. (197) Registration of a firearm included one's name, date and place of birth, nationality, profession, domicile, and description of the firearm-type, caliber, manufacturer, and serial number if it existed. …
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,004 | 0,008 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,020 | 0,022 |
| Communication savante | 0,023 | 0,013 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,012 | 0,013 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,016 | 0,004 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».