The Identifiability Bias in Environmental Law
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Résumé
THE IDENTIFIABILITY BIAS 435Herceptin would become fundable by the province within a few months. 6Health Minister George Smitherman was quoted in the article as saying "I'm a human being like anybody else and I'm personally impacted by personal stories . . . .I have a very, very keen personal sense of the degree to which this is a tremendously impactful decision point for some women and many families in the province of Ontario." 7 It certainly seems callous to take issue with the Health Minister's intervention.But, one wonders, when George Smitherman jumped Herceptin to the top of the queue, what drugs were pushed aside?Might there have been people who were hurt by this move?One drug that might have been held up was Methotrexate, which was approved for provincial funding in October 2005, shortly after Herceptin's approval. 8Methotrexate is a curiously versatile drug that is used in chemotherapy treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (most commonly children's leukemia), rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, and ironically, breast cancer. 9Much is still unknown about Methotrexate, despite a great deal of clinical study. 10Was a possible delay in the funding of Methotrexate worth it?Quite possibly, but a rational inquiry would examine a variety of factors, including the incidences of the diseases treated by Methotrexate and Herceptin, their effectiveness in treating such diseases, their incremental effectiveness relative to existing treatments, and perhaps their cost.The week that Herceptin was approved, the Canadian Medical Association Journal published an editorial questioning the wisdom of the province's approval, especially given the $148 million price tag funding Herceptin and two other drugs over a three-year period. 11ut the way that a newspaper story changed, in one day, the priorities of the largest provincial health ministry in Canada is much more important and subtle.The response to the June 23, 2005 article, which focused so intensely on Leslie Cowan and her family, 12.Although they do not set out a formal definition, Deborah A. Small & George Loewenstein describe and study the phenomenon in more specificity in their article The Devil You Know: The Effects of Identifiability on Punishment.18
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle