The Identifiability Bias in Environmental Law
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
THE IDENTIFIABILITY BIAS 435Herceptin would become fundable by the province within a few months. 6Health Minister George Smitherman was quoted in the article as saying "I'm a human being like anybody else and I'm personally impacted by personal stories . . . .I have a very, very keen personal sense of the degree to which this is a tremendously impactful decision point for some women and many families in the province of Ontario." 7 It certainly seems callous to take issue with the Health Minister's intervention.But, one wonders, when George Smitherman jumped Herceptin to the top of the queue, what drugs were pushed aside?Might there have been people who were hurt by this move?One drug that might have been held up was Methotrexate, which was approved for provincial funding in October 2005, shortly after Herceptin's approval. 8Methotrexate is a curiously versatile drug that is used in chemotherapy treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (most commonly children's leukemia), rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, and ironically, breast cancer. 9Much is still unknown about Methotrexate, despite a great deal of clinical study. 10Was a possible delay in the funding of Methotrexate worth it?Quite possibly, but a rational inquiry would examine a variety of factors, including the incidences of the diseases treated by Methotrexate and Herceptin, their effectiveness in treating such diseases, their incremental effectiveness relative to existing treatments, and perhaps their cost.The week that Herceptin was approved, the Canadian Medical Association Journal published an editorial questioning the wisdom of the province's approval, especially given the $148 million price tag funding Herceptin and two other drugs over a three-year period. 11ut the way that a newspaper story changed, in one day, the priorities of the largest provincial health ministry in Canada is much more important and subtle.The response to the June 23, 2005 article, which focused so intensely on Leslie Cowan and her family, 12.Although they do not set out a formal definition, Deborah A. Small & George Loewenstein describe and study the phenomenon in more specificity in their article The Devil You Know: The Effects of Identifiability on Punishment.18
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it