Outsourcing Central Government Services
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Introduction The requirements on central government to liberalise services as part of the implementation of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) provided an opportunity to distance the civil service from the more difficult and public-facing elements of its roles. Privatising delivery of these services enabled the introduction of performance management and cost-cutting measures that could be blamed on the contractor rather than the government. While the civil service and particularly the Home Office, often called the Ministry of the Interior in other countries, have traditionally had responsibility for police, borders, visas, migration and asylum, this has primarily been focused at a policy level. Until the late 1960s, governments had no particular interest in asylum or immigration policy as most of the post-war immigration to the UK had been from Commonwealth countries including the Caribbean and Indian subcontinent to meet employment shortfalls in UK public services (Timmins, 2001). Other migration between the UK and Commonwealth countries saw trends moving the other way as UK citizens migrated to Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The pressure on government departments to cut costs through the Rayner Scrutiny Reviews from 1980 onwards and then agencification through the creation of Next Steps Agencies in the late 1980s and early 1990s had generated some institutional change in the structure of the civil service (Gray and Jenkins, 1984; Dowding, 1995). While preparing to meet UK commitments for public service liberalisation through the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) and anticipated GATS agreements, central government implemented this by prioritising nationalised industries and local government (De Graaf and King, 1995; Parker, 2009). When approaching central government services, those that were public facing, employed more staff and were not regarded as strategic were peripheralised first, in anticipation of competition requirements on the civil service. This enabled a reduction in central department employee headcounts and was expected to reduce the day-to-day management burden of these services, allowing a focus on policy issues (Theakston, 1995). These services were primarily focused on clerical tasks including tax returns, social security and pensions that employed higher numbers of low-paid staff and required most face-toface contact. The use of agencification and then privatisation would allow the reformulation of pay bands that could lead to cost reductions in the front-line delivery services (Dowding, 1995).
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,050 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».