Is High-Pressure Air Injection (HPAI) Simply a Flue-Gas Flood?
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract High-Pressure Air Injection (HPAI) is an EOR process in which compressed air is injected into a deep, light-oil reservoir, with the expectation that the oxygen in the injected air will react with a fraction of the reservoir oil at an elevated temperature to produce carbon dioxide. Over the years, HPAI has been considered as a simple fluegas flood, giving little credit to the thermal drive as a production mechanism. The truth is that, although early production during a HPAI process is mainly due to repressurization and gasflood effects, once a pore volume of air has been injected the combustion front becomes the main driving mechanism. This paper presents laboratory and field evidence of the presence of a thermal front during HPAI operations, and its beneficial impact on oil production. Production and injection data from the Buffalo Field, which comprises the oldest HPAI projects currently in operation, were gathered and analyzed for this purpose. These HPAI projects are definitely not behaving as simple immiscible gasfloods. This study shows that a HPAI project has the potential to yield higher recoveries than a simple immiscible gasflood. Furthermore, it gives recommendations on how to operate the process to take advantage of its full capabilities. Introduction High-Pressure Air Injection (HPAI) is an emerging technology for the enhanced oil recovery of light oils that has proven to be a valuable process especially in deep, thin, low permeability reservoirs 1 -7. A number of successful high-pressure air injection projects in light oil reservoirs have been documented in the literature 8–10. Most of these projects have been operating for many years, attesting to their technical and economic success. The improvement in recovery of light oil by HPAI involves a combination of complex processes, each contributing to the overall recovery. These processes include: flue gas sweeping, field re-pressurization, oil swelling, viscosity reduction, stripping of the lighter components of the oil, and thermal effects. Early production during the HPAI process is related to re-pressurization and gasflood effects; hence, the influence of the thermal zone is secondary during the early life of an injector. The oil displaced directly by the combustion front will depend on the effectiveness of the generated flue gas on oil displacement from outside the thermal region. For many years, there has been some discussion regarding the effective driving mechanisms associated with the HPAI process; some authors have assumed it is essentially attributable to the in-situ generated flue gas displacement and consequently the process is analogous to a flue-gas injection, while others recognize the thermal nature of the process. Clara et al.11, explained the air injection technique applied to light-oil reservoirs, and proposed a laboratory strategy for evaluation of an air injection project. It was stated that regardless of the oxidation zones, the air injection process in a light oil reservoir is comparable to a flue-gas injection process. Hunedi et al.12, presented results of an exhaustive EOR screening based on successful field trials and physics of the oil recovery mechanisms for each method; with the possibility to be applied in eight oil fields (30.2 to 41.3 ° API) in the Euphrates Graben.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
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