The Crown, Prime Minister and Government
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Republic or monarchy The earliest Westminster Model constitutions – those of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa – took unambiguously monarchical forms. Executive power was vested in the Crown, which was also an integral part of the legislature. Even in the post-war era, many former colonies, on becoming independent from the British Empire, did not cease to be part of ‘Her Majesty's dominions’. They continued as ‘Commonwealth realms’, with the functions of the Head of State being performed by a Governor-General nominally appointed by the Queen. The Irish Free State was a more difficult case to classify. The characteristic ‘dominion-style’ provisions of the 1922 constitution, which were included to satisfy the terms of the Anglo-Irish treaty, were whittled away by successive amendments. The new Irish constitution adopted in 1937 established a popularly elected president as de facto Head of State. Yet it formally retained at least a vestigial link to the Crown, through the Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936; this strange arrangement persisted until 1949, when the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 came into effect. Although the powers and privileges of the Crown could be determined by each dominion through its own constitutional processes, Commonwealth membership at the time entailed a common allegiance to the Crown. By becoming a republic and ceasing to be part of His Majesty's dominions, Ireland – like Burma two years earlier – thereby ceased to be part of the Commonwealth. Despite this change in status, both Ireland and Burma retained Westminster Model constitutions in republican guise, with a ceremonial figurehead president taking over the functions that elsewhere would normally be performed by a Governor-General. The separation between what Walter Bagehot called the ‘dignified’ (ceremonial) and ‘efficient’ (governing) parts of the constitution, and the relegation of the Head of State to primarily symbolic and civic functions, makes the identity of the Head of State a secondary matter. In April 1949 – too late for Ireland – the rule binding Commonwealth membership to allegiance to the Crown was relaxed, by means of the London Declaration.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».