Representations of Linguistic and Ethnocultural Diversity in Poland's Education Policy, National School Curricula and Textbooks
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Résumé
Abstract With its recent entry into the European Union (EU) and the adoption of multiethnic democracy as a national policy, a key challenge for Poland is to transform its education policy and practice in ways that are consistent with multicultural and pluralist values. This paper examines Poland's efforts to address these issues by exploring changes in the national education policy, school curricula and history textbooks. The author argues that despite greater representation of minority languages and cultures in schools in Poland, a disjunction exists between the policy discourse of multicultural education and the reality of education practice that conforms to traditional Polish conceptions of interethnic relations. The study further shows that history textbooks sustain a discourse promoting the existence of Poland as an ethnically defined nation state, exclusive of minority identities and cultures. Ethnic minority integration continues to be associated primarily with a one-sided process of minority adaptation, rather than a process of interactivity and mutual recognition. Keywords: multicultural educationeducational policy studiescurriculum studiesinternational education Notes 1. According to the Central Statistical Office (2002), an estimated 2.3% of respondents refused to declare their ethnicity during Poland's last census in 2002, possibly for fear of discrimination. 2. The new Polish legislation includes: The Constitution of the Republic of Poland (2 April 1997), The Election Law (1990–2004), The Act on the Polish Language (7 October 1999), The Education Act (7 September 1991), Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and on the Regional Language (6 January 2005), the Regulation by the Minister of National Education on National and Ethnic Minorities (3 December 2002), Broadcasting Act (1992). Poland has also adopted a number of international laws: the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950; the International Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 7 March 1966; the Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989; the Framework Convention of the Council of Europe on Protection of National Minorities (1 February 1995); the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (12 May 2003) (not binding). Poland has also signed bilateral treaties with the Federal Republic of Germany, the Czech Federal Republic, the Slovak Federal Republic, Ukraine, the Republic of Belarus and Republic of Lithuania, which further guarantee the protection of the rights of national minorities. 3. National minorities are those that are identified with an existing nation (e.g. Ukraine, Germany). Ethnic minorities are not identified with a nation. 4. The Framework Convention of the Council of Europe on Protection of National Minorities issued on 1 February 1995 (binding), and the European Charter for Minority Languages issued on 5 November 1992 (not binding).
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle