Thermal Solvent Reflux and Thermal Solvent Hybrid Experiments
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The experiments and numerical simulations described in this paper were performed to determine the effectiveness of the thermal solvent reflux and steam solvent hybrid processes and to determine the key parameters involved in these two processes. Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is the current technology of choice for Athabasca reservoirs. It is commercially proven and delivers high oil rates and high ultimate recoveries. However, it is energy intensive. In addition, steam injection may be limited by lack of water, by regulatory issues or by the fact that some reservoirs are water sensitive. Vapour-assisted petroleum extraction (VAPEX) does not have the energy and water problems associated with SAGD. However, it is inherently slower than SAGD. One solution to the above difficulties is to combine processes by heating the horizontal wellbores. The heat serves to initiate communication between the injector and the producer. In addition, it will increase the rate of diffusion of the solvent into the oil. Heat may be applied by electric heaters, with a closed steam or glycol loop, or by direct injection of steam. In the first three of four experiments described in this report, the wells were electrically heated. In the fourth experiment, steam was co-injected with the solvent. Two experiments using Hillmond oil showed that similar results were obtained whether heating was obtained by electrically heating the wells (thermal solvent reflux process) or by direct steam injection (steam solvent-hybrid process). For these two experiments, the oil rate and recovery were similar. Numerical simulations were used to history match the experiments and effective diffusivity values were estimated. Introduction The objective of the thermal solvent reflux experiments was to develop a solvent-assisted process for recovery of heavy oil from thick, cold reservoirs such as Cold Lake and Athabasca. The thermal solvent process concept (Figure 1) is • Inject solvent and produce oil through horizontal wells • Heat the injection and production wells to reboil the solvent in situ (solvent reflux) (i.e., in-situ recycle of solvent) The advantages of the thermal solvent reflux process are • Requires less heat than SAGD • Less steam plant emissions • Smaller solvent recycle plant on surface • Smaller injection facility needed • Does not inject water into the reservoir • Suitable for reactive reservoirs • No treatment of boiler feed water required • Minimal water disposal • Minimal oil/water separation facilities required • Heat will speed mass transfer over cold VAPEX
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».