Notice bibliographique
Résumé
John Tyndall (b. c. 1820–d. 1893) was one of the most influential scientists of the Victorian era. Born in Leighlinbridge, County Carlow, Ireland, Tyndall’s father (also John) was a struggling shoemaker and leather dealer. In 1839 John Jr. joined the Irish Ordinance Survey as a civil assistant. In August 1842 he was transferred to the English Survey in Preston but dismissed in November 1843 when he protested the inefficiency of the Survey’s administration and its unfairness to the Irish assistants. In August 1847 he accepted an appointment as teacher of mathematics at Queenwood College in Hampshire but left after one year to earn his doctoral degree at Marburg University, Germany. He returned to England in 1851, taking up his old position at Queenwood while he looked for a scientific post. In 1853 he was elected Professor of Natural Philosophy of the Royal Institution, where he remained for the rest of his scientific career. Tyndall’s climb up the social ladder from humble family circumstances was capped in spectacular fashion when, in 1867, he succeeded Michael Faraday as Superintendent of the Royal Institution. Tyndall’s life cannot be summed up so simply. He lived several interconnected lives. The first was spent primarily in his laboratory at the Royal Institution; the second he spent with mountain guides, suspended high on the sides of alpine peaks; and the third was either in front of fashionable audiences or behind the scenes, directing and shaping the sciences of the day. Along with being one of the premier physicists in the nineteenth century, John Tyndall was also one of the figures largely responsible for the growth of mountaineering as a sport. He narrowly missed being the first to summit the Matterhorn, then thought to be entirely inaccessible. Mountaineering was not merely a sport to Tyndall; he conducted important scientific experiments whenever he climbed. Owing to his flamboyant lecturing style, he also became well known as an eloquent public speaker on science to fashionable audiences. Along with biologist T. H. Huxley, philosopher Herbert Spencer, and botanist J. D. Hooker, Tyndall sought to professionalize science, arguing that naturalistic, rather than theistic, explanations could (and should) account for the workings of nature. They also defended Darwin during the debates about evolution. This influential group of scientists formed the X Club in 1864 in an attempt to direct the course of British science and to lobby for its support in the halls of government.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,398 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».